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Anglo-Persian capture of Hormuz

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Capture of Hormuz
Part of Safavid–Portuguese conflicts

The taking of Hormuz by Imam Quli Khan and his army (Latin inscription round the fortress). From a Jarūnnāmeh by Qadrī. Isfahan style, dated 1697.
Date9 February 1622 – 4 May 1622
Location
Hormuz Island, Persian Gulf
Result Anglo-Persian victory
Territorial
changes		 Hormuz annexed to Persia
Belligerents
Safavid Persia
East India Company		 Portugal
Commanders and leaders
Imam Quli Khan
Captain Blythe		 Simão de Melo
Strength
3,000
5 warships
4 pinnaces		 1,000
Casualties and losses
Light Light
1,000 captured

The Capture of Hormuz (Persian: بازپس گیری هرمز) was a combined Anglo-Persian expedition that successfully captured the Portuguese garrison at Hormuz Island after a ten-week siege, thus opening up Persian trade with England in the Persian Gulf.[1] Before the capture of Hormuz, the Portuguese had held the Castle of Hormuz for more than a century, since 1507 when Afonso de Albuquerque established it in the capture of Hormuz, giving them full control of the trade between India and Europe through the Persian Gulf.[2] According to Stephen Neill, the capture of Hormuz entirely changed the balance of power and trade.[3]

Background

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After the Portuguese capture of Hormuz in 1509, the Portuguese Empire began to claim a monopoly in the Indian Ocean trade, becoming a great power in the Persian Gulf after conquering Qeshm, Bandar Abbas and Muscat (present-day Oman), which generated friction with the Safavid Empire (which initially saw the Portuguese as its allies against the Ottomans). In turn, the commercial dominance of the Persian Gulf attracted the attention of England and Holland, rivals of the Iberian Union and who sought to challenge Spanish-Portuguese control in the region.

After the accession of Shah Abbas the Great, there was greater aggressiveness against the Portuguese by a new regional power that sought to restore Iran's influence in the Persian Gulf, something that began to be noticed with the Persian conquest of Bahrain, of the kingdom of Lara (Lar) and the mainland of Comoran (Bandar Abbas) in 1615. At the same time, a fortress was built in the inlet of Gwadar, halfway between Sindh and Hormuz, which denounced the desire to the Persians to wrest control of trade in the area from the Portuguese.[4]

During this period, Persian embassies were given to Europe, and since the King of Spain, Philip III, was also the King of Portugal, the Persians tried to be friendly in order to develop a Spanish-Persian alliance against the Ottomans.[5] Faced with this, some divergences arose between the Crown of Castile and the Council of Portugal, regarding how the foreign policy with Persia should be on the part of the Hispanic Monarchy, for which the Cortes of Castile accused a lack of realism. to the Portuguese in their desire to insist on maintaining an Asian commercial monopoly that they could not impose on the rest of the European powers (while the Castilians sought a rapprochement with the English against the Dutch).[6]

There was thus a clear divergence in the Persian Gulf between Portuguese priorities and Spanish priorities for the region: if the interests of the former were directed towards the Indian Ocean and Asia, Hormuz, due to its political and economic value, was fundamental for the maintenance of the State of India, Castilian interests were clearly oriented towards the Mediterranean, and Hormuz was important because it facilitated the approach to Persia.

— Graça Borges

Despite internal tensions between the ministers of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Portugal, the Junta of Persia was established at the end of 1618 (made up of 2 members, each, of the Council of Castile and the Council of Portugal, in total). to improve understanding between both Spanish kingdoms) to deal with the question of Hormuz, relating to: the defense of the Iberian possessions in the Persian Gulf against many threats (especially the English and Dutch), the expulsion of the English from the area (or at least to abandon their trade agreements with Persia) and how to treat the Shah's diplomatic relations along with his friendly proposals to grant the Spanish a commercial monopoly on Persian silk on the Cape route. Its purpose was conciliatory, although due to multiple misunderstandings and ambiguities (in addition to the fact that it was only consultative, while the final decisions were made by the Council of State), it only accentuated Persian warmongering.[7]

Thus, ambassador García de Silva y Figueroa was sent with the public mission of developing an alliance between Spain (including Portugal) and Persia against the Ottoman Empire, although the real and secret mission was to ensure the commercial interests of the Portuguese colonies in the Persian Gulf, especially Hormuz. At the same time, friendly gestures were made with Iran, such as the acceptance of a trade agreement to export Persian silk through the Cape Route, although the Persians demanded that the Portuguese close the Red Sea to weaken the Ottomans, and then the Spanish requested the restitution of the Comoran fortress and that Bahrain be returned to the King of Hormuz (under Iberian protectorate). However, Spain did not have the capacity to launch an offensive against the Turks, and therefore, it only sought to buy time with the Persians by showing courtesy. Meanwhile, the Shah threatened that if the Hispanics rejected his good will, his trade offer would be handed over to the English with Robert Shirley. Finally, distrust of the English led to Ruy Freire de Andrade being sent to reconquer and fortify the eastern part of the island of Quéixome to secure economic supplies from Hormuz and expel the English from the Persian Gulf. However, the English fleet was not destroyed and Shah Abbas became angry at what he considered an attack against his sovereignty, generating rapprochements between the Persians and the English against the Portuguese and Spanish.[6]

Anglo-Persian alliance

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The city and fortress of Hormuz, 17th century engraving.

The English component consisted of a force supplied by the East India Company[1] consisting of five warships and four pinnaces.[8] The Persians had recently gone to war with the Portuguese, and a Persian army was besieging the Portuguese fort on Kishm, but English assistance was required to capture Hormuz.[8] Shah Abbas I wished to obtain English support against the Portuguese,[9] and the commander Imam Quli Khan, son of Allahverdi Khan, negotiated with the English to obtain their support, promising the English that they would grant them access to the Persian silk trade.[10] An agreement was signed, providing for the sharing of spoils and customs dues at Hormuz, the repatriations of prisoners according to their faith, and the payment by the Persians of half of the supply costs for the fleet.[11]

Operations

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The English fleet first went to Qeshm, some 24 kilometres (15 mi) away, to bombard a Portuguese position there.[11] The Portuguese present quickly surrendered, and the English casualties were few, but included the famous explorer William Baffin.[11]

The Anglo-Persian fleet then sailed to Hormuz and the Persians disembarked to capture the town.[2] The English bombarded the castle and sank the Portuguese fleet present. After some resistance, the Portuguese surrendered Ormuz on 4 May 1622. The Portuguese were forced to retreat to another base at Maskat.[2]

Although Portugal and Spain were in a dynastic union from 1580 to 1640, England and Portugal were not at war, and the Duke of Buckingham threatened to sue the company for the capture, but renounced his claim when he received the sum of 10,000 pounds, supposedly 10% of the proceedings of the capture of Hormuz.[1] King James I also received the same sum from the company when he complained as such: "Did I deliver you from the complaint of the Spaniards, and do you return me nothing".[1]

William Baffin died of wounds in the operations leading to the capture of Hormuz.

The capture of Hormuz gave the opportunity for the company to develop trade with Persia, attempting to trade English cloth and other commodities for silk, which did not become very profitable due to the lack of Persian interest and small quantity of English goods.[1] The English soldier and merchant Robert Shirley also took an interest in developing the Anglo-Persian trade.[1]

Aftermath

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Following the loss of Hormuz, Portuguese forces, led by Rui Freire de Andrade, launched several attempts at military reconquest in 1623, 1624, 1625 and 1627, as well as a diplomatic attempt in 1631, but all failed. On the other hand, the Portuguese moved to Muscat (which became their new central base of operations in the Gulf), in turn establishing a trading post in Basra in 1623, at the mouth of the Euphrates River. That same year, Rui Freire de Andrada reconquered the Fort of Soar, which had been lost the previous year to the Persians, and transformed it into a new base of operations in Khasab (on the Musandam peninsula). Gaspar Leite also managed to conquer Quelba Fort in 1624, and Mateus de Seabra did the same with Mada Fort.

In 1625/1630, following the Battle off Hormuz (1625), the Portuguese signed a truce treaty with the Persians, who allowed the Portuguese to establish a trading post and fortification at Bandar Kong, which is located on the coast of Iran. Then, in 1631, the Portuguese built the Julfar fort (but it would be lost in 1633), a strategic point of great importance on the Musandam peninsula, and which experienced a period of great prosperity during the Portuguese occupation, serving as a large warehouse of regional trade. The main character of the Luso-Persian war, Rui Freire de Andrada, died in September 1633, and was buried in the church of San Agustín (Muscat). After his death, peace treaties were concluded with the Persians and the English in 1635.

It can be concluded that the Portuguese empire in the Persian Gulf would end up stabilizing again, despite the fall of the fortress of Hormuz. Since new fortifications and trading posts were founded, such as those of Soar, Julfar, Doba, Libédia, Mada, Corfação, Caçapo, Congo (Bandar Congo), and Basra.[12][13]

Within the Hispanic Monarchy, the event led to the Council of Portugal radicalizing its warlike stance (influenced by the local governors and advisors of the Kingdom of Portugal) and opposing any attempt to develop an alliance between the Portuguese and English in the East Indies, demanding Madrid to declare war on those who challenged the Portuguese monopoly in the Indian Ocean trade (that is, the English Empire, and incidentally the Dutch Empire), since the Portuguese feared that the reputation that the Portuguese Empire had among the natives of Asia would be ruined (who still revered the Portuguese, due to the impact of past glories, as if it were the most powerful monarchy in the world) and that, showing the real conditions of its declining power in Portuguese India, only make the Persians (and other Asian peoples) no longer respect the Portuguese, further fearing that giving concessions to the "northern nations" will only cause the English to act much more insolent and daring, with less respect for the power of the King of Spain, and to make matters worse, it could open the doors to the presence of France and Poland-Lithuania in India. All of which was perceived as serious damage to Portuguese trade and its monopoly based on the papal bulls of the Treaty of Tordesillas.[7]

It is in no way fit for His Majesty's service, for the reputation of his greatness, for the good of that state [of India], nor for his entire monarchy, to admit any nation of Europe to trade in India.

— Letter sent from Lisbon to the Council of Portugal on February 28, 1623

However, after many discussions, and with Castilian pressure (who emphasized the impossibility of obtaining the resources and forces to fight the Protestant companies alone in the State of India), finally the Council of Portugal would come to consider an alliance with the English at the time. the evident logistical weakness being demonstrated, although declaring it as "forced and obligatory".[7]

They [Lisbon councilors] are very considerate, and this council has always understood it that way, and would never admit the practice of friendship and alliance with any of the nations [of Europe] if it were considered feasible to contrast them all with power and forces of the crown of Portugal alone, which are so limited that even in the times when India flourished and had relations only with the natural kings [Asian governments], the victories and good successes that His Majesty's [Portuguese] vassals "The things they had in those parts were considered miraculous.

— Consultation of the Council of Portugal, Madrid, March 10, 1623

Although such rapprochement with the English was under the Portuguese condition that the economic damages for the loss of Hormuz be compensated (ideally, the English state was expected to send its ships to help recover Hormuz from what was an illegal act of the English Company). of the East Indies), something that, for the majority of ministers of the Spanish Council of State, was not worth requesting, since they saw it as unrealistic, in the words of Don Pedro de Toledo "Asking the King of England for things impossible for him would be of little effect to us", since it would not be possible to force the English to give up the vast commercial benefits they were receiving from the Persians.[7]

No rapprochement with the English was achieved because The Thirty Years' War broke out and once again Spain and England were on opposite sides after the end of the Twelve Years' Truce. On the other hand, it was seen as condemnable and disloyal that the English had supported the Persians at a time when relations between Spain and England were trying to improve (largely because the Spanish Habsburgs wanted to solve their financial problems), at a time which Don Pedro de Toledo considered "of such friendship between the [Castilian and English] crowns." Spanish-English relations would only be ruined again after the failure of talks between both monarchies to consolidate an alliance through the marriage of Maria Ana of Spain (sister of Philip IV of Spain) with Prince Charles I of England, such failure reestablished the rivalry, although the events in the Persian Gulf contributed to souring relations between the Spanish and English empires.[7]

In turn, during the Portuguese Restoration War, the Portuguese separatists saw the loss of Hormuz as an event with which to propagandize against the Spanish Monarchy, designing a rhetoric blaming all the failures of the Portuguese Empire in the Persian Gulf on the Castilian leadership, evading own responsibility. However, the documentation of the Spanish Council of State shows that the conflict was not treated negligently, but was in the constant interest of the Spanish, who dealt with a transnational geopolitics that integrated (rather than excluded) Portuguese overseas affairs, and for which Hormuz, despite its strategic importance, was not the center of interest of Spanish global politics (as if it were the balance with the Ottomans and having good relations with Persia), which is why the shipment of a Luso-Castilian navy to the Indian Ocean was denied, while being aware of more important matters in the Atlantic.[7]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Chaudhuri, K. N. (12 February 1999). The English East India Company: The Study of an Early Joint-stock Company 1600-1640. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-19076-3. Retrieved 12 February 2024 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ a b c Sykes, p. 279
  3. ^ Neill, Stephen (12 February 1984). A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54885-4. Retrieved 12 February 2024 – via Google Books.
  4. ^ "Las Fortalezas Ibéricas en la Península Arábiga (1507-1650)". Revista de Estudios en Seguridad Internacional (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  5. ^ SPAIN: RELATIONS WITH PERSIA IN THE 16TH AND 17TH CENTURIES, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 8 December 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ a b Rubiés, Joan-Pau (15 November 2018). "1622 y la crisis de Ormuz". Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez. Nouvelle série (in Spanish) (48–2): 121–151. doi:10.4000/mcv.9047. hdl:10230/44663. ISSN 0076-230X.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Graça Almeida Borges (2015). "El Consejo de Estado y la cuestión de Ormuz, 1600-1625: políticas transnacionales e impactos locales". Revista de Historia Jerónimo Zurita (in Spanish) (90): 21–54. hdl:10174/21722.
  8. ^ a b Sykes, p. 277
  9. ^ Knight, Charles (12 February 1866). "Biography: Or, Third Division of "The English Encyclopedia"". Bradbury, Evans & Company. Retrieved 12 February 2024 – via Google Books.
  10. ^ Sykes,pp. 277–278
  11. ^ a b c Sykes, p. 278
  12. ^ "Commentarios do grande capitam Ruy Freyre de Andrada: em que se relatam suas proezas do anno de 1619. em q partio deste Reyno por geral do mar de Ormuz, & costa da Persia, & Arabia até sua morte, Em Lisboa, 1647 - Biblioteca Nacional Digital". purl.pt. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  13. ^ Comentários do grande capitão Rui Freire de Andrada. Lisboa: Ministério das Colónias; Agência Geral das Colónias, 1940. 374p. mapas.

References

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  • K. N. Chaudhuri, The English East India Company: The Study of an Early Joint-Stock Company 1600–1640, Taylor & Francis, 1999, ISBN 0-415-19076-2
  • Percy Molesworth Sykes, A History of Persia, Read Books, 2006, ISBN 1-4067-2692-3

Further reading

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