Jump to content

Ismaïl Omar Guelleh

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Ismail Omar Guelleh)

Ismaïl Omar Guellé
إسماعيل عمر جيله
Guelleh in 2023
2nd President of Djibouti
Incumbent
Assumed office
8 May 1999
Prime MinisterBarkat Gourad Hamadou
Dileita Mohamed Dileita
Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed
Preceded byHassan Gouled Aptidon
Personal details
Born (1947-11-27) 27 November 1947 (age 77)
Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
Political partyPeople's Rally for Progress
SpouseKadra Mahamoud Haid
RelationsRidwan Ismaïl Saala
ChildrenHaïbado Ismaïl Omar
Fatouma-Awo Ismaïl Omar
Nasir Omar Ismaïl Saalah (1st line)
Ahmad Shaheer Mappingé (2nd line)
This article is part of a series about
Ismaïl Omar Guelleh

President of Djibouti

1999-present

Government

Parliamentary Elections

Family

Ismaïl Omar Guellé (Somali: Ismaaciil Cumar Geelle; Arabic: إسماعيل عمر جيله; born 27 November 1947)[1][2][3] is a Djiboutian politician who has served as the President of Djibouti since 1999, making him one of the longest-serving rulers in Africa.[4] He is often referred to by his initials, IOG.

Guelleh was first elected as President in 1999 as the handpicked successor to his uncle, Hassan Gouled Aptidon, who had ruled Djibouti since independence in 1977.[5] Guelleh was re-elected in 2005, 2011, 2016 and in 2021. The elections were largely boycotted by the opposition amid complaints over widespread irregularities.[6][7] Guelleh has been characterized as a dictator, and his rule has been criticized by human rights groups and governments, such as the United States.[8] He is, at the international level, a close ally of France.

He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, India's second-highest civilian award, on 25 January 2019 for his role in the safe evacuation of Indian citizens from Yemen.[9]

Early life and political beginnings

[edit]

Guelleh was born in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia, into the politically powerful Mamassan subclan of the Ciise Dir clan of the Somali ethnic group.[10] The father of Ismaïl Omar Guelleh, son of Guelleh Batal, is Omar Guelleh, one of the first native teachers in the 1930s before working, following his father's path, on behalf of the Franco-Ethiopian Railway Company (CFE) which built the line connecting Djibouti to Addis Ababa and whose head office was in Dire Dawa. When Guelleh was younger he attended a traditional Islamic school. In 1960, Guelleh migrated to Djibouti before finishing high school. In 1964, at the age of 18, Ismail Omar Guelleh began working in the General Information of the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas, because he spoke Amharic, Somali, Arabic, French, Italian and English.[11]

In 1975, he was suspended from his duties because he was suspected of transmitting information to the independence movement. He then became involved in the African People's League for Independence (LPAI) chaired by Hassan Gouled Aptidon, who campaigns for independence. Guelleh was elected into the LPAI’s Central Committee in 1983 and subsequently became the director of a cultural commission in Paris. In 1987, he became a member of the party leadership.[12]

After Djibouti became independent, he became head of the secret police and chief of the cabinet in the government of his uncle Hassan Gouled Aptidon, for whom he also served as chief of staff for more than two decades.[12] He received training from the Somali National Security Service and then from the French Secret Service, and was intended to become his uncle's successor.

In February 1991 he attempted to annex Zeyla in Awdal, Somaliland to Djibouti in the 1991 Zeila incursion during the Somaliland War of Independence, however the Djiboutian-backed United Somali Front was shortly routed from the area by Somali National Movement (SNM) forces.[13]

He became President of Djibouti in 1999.

Presidency

[edit]
Further information: Human rights in Djibouti

Rise to power and first term, 1999 to 2005

[edit]
Guelleh in 1999

Djibouti is one of four countries in Africa that have experienced instances of immediate successions from one family member to another.[14]

On 4 February 1999, President Gouled Aptidon, uncle of Ismail Guelleh, announced his retirement at the time of the next election, and an extraordinary congress of his party, the ruling People's Rally for Progress (RPP), chose Guelleh as its presidential candidate, handpicked by Aptidon.[15][5] As the joint candidate of the RPP and moderate wing of the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD), Guelleh won the presidential election held on 9 April 1999 with 74.02% of the vote, defeating his only challenger, the independent candidate Moussa Ahmed Idriss.[16][17] He took office on 8 May.[18] Moussa Ahmed Idriss was arrested the following September for "threatening the morale of the armed forces" and detained at an undisclosed location.[19]

In December 2000, Guelleh sacked the chief of staff of the National Police Force, Yacin Yabeh, prompting policemen loyal to Yabeh to unsuccessfully rebel following his dismissal.[20] Guelleh is credited with brokering a permanent peace agreement that year that brought to an end the country’s post-independence ethnic conflict.[12]

Second term, 2005 to 2011

[edit]
Guelleh with US Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld at the Presidential residence in Djibouti in 2002.

Guelleh was nominated by the RPP as its presidential candidate for a second time on 7 October 2004, at an Extraordinary Congress of the party. He was backed by several other parties[21] and was the only candidate in the presidential election held on 8 April 2005.[22] Brief protests against the elections erupted but were quickly suppressed by police.[23] Without a challenger, Guelleh won 100% of the ballots cast and was sworn in for a second six-year term, which he said would be his last, on 7 May.[24]

However, in 2010, Guelleh persuaded the National Assembly of Djibouti to amend the nation's Constitution, allowing him to stand for a third term.[25][26] This cleared the way for him to place his name on the ballot in Djibouti's 2011 election. It also resulted in large protests beginning in 2010 similar to the larger movement for democracy in the Arab countries.[27] The protests were quickly put down, opposition leaders arrested and international observers expelled or arrested.[28][29][30]

Third term, 2011 to 2016

[edit]

Opposition parties boycotted the election, leaving only one little-known candidate against him on the ballot. Guelleh won almost 80% of the vote.[31] Human Rights Watch questioned the fairness of the election given that opposition leaders were jailed twice prior to polling.[32] Guelleh again said that he would not run for another term.[33]

Guelleh was also the winner of the 2016 election with about 87% of the popular vote.[34] As in previous elections, the opposition had called for a country-wide boycott and demanded Guelleh conduct "transparent, free, fair and just elections."[35] Opposition leaders and human rights groups complained of repression and police brutality in the run-up to the polls.[36] After interviewing an opposition leader, a BBC team was arrested and expelled shortly before the vote.[35]

Fourth term, 2016 to 2021

[edit]

He was re-elected for a fifth term in the 2021 landslide election.[37][38] One opposition candidate ran in the election, political newcomer Zakaria Ismail Farah, who accused the government of "ballot-box stuffing" and barring his delegates from accessing polling stations to monitor the voting process.[39] Other with major opposition parties opted not to run candidates, accusing Guelleh of ruling via a dictatorship.[40]

Fifth term, since 2021

[edit]

In June 2021, Guelleh made vaccination against COVID-19 compulsory for both citizens and foreign residents.[41]

Throughout that same month, Guelleh reshuffled of his diplomatic corps, recalling seven ambassadors and appointing new ones to several countries across the Middle East.[42]

Succession

[edit]
George W. Bush and President Guelleh of Djibouti during a meeting in the Oval Office, 2003

Guelleh’s long-time rule has opened questions about his eventual succession, with a trusted, hand-picked candidate chosen from within his inner circle being almost a certainty.[14][43] For the longest time, the president’s son in law and minister of health, Djama Elmi Okieh, seemed to be Guelleh’s designated successor, but since 2018 he has fallen out of favor after an alleged affair with an employee and subsequent divorce.[44][45] The new favored candidate since then seems to be Naguib Abdallah Kamil, a son of First Lady Kadra Mahamoud Haid from a previous marriage.[44]

By retaining Djibouti’s main political players in their respective government position, Guelleh has increased the risk for internal power struggles.[46] Prime Minister Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed and Finance Minister Ilyas Moussa Dawaleh are considered prime contenders for leadership struggles in the run-up to the next elections in 2026. Another possible candidate involved in intra-governmental fights for power includes Foreign Minister Mahamoud Ali Youssouf.[46]

Political assessment

[edit]

Governance

[edit]
Guelleh cuts the inaugural ribbon at the new Defense Fuel Supply Point (DFSP) at the Port of Doralleh in February 2006.

Throughout his presidency, Guelleh has worked to install members of his family in important political and economic positions. A central role is occupied by his wife, Kadra Mahamoud Haid, who acts as the de facto vice-president, and his two daughters: Haibado, functioning as an important advisor to Guelleh, and Fatouma-Awo, heavily involved in the country’s business activities.[47] His son in law, Djama Elmi Okieh, is the Minister of Health.[45]

One of the President’s half-brothers, Saad Omar Guelleh, is the General Manager of the economically paramount Port of Djibouti, while first cousin Djama Ali Guelleh has been the Director General of state-owned utilities company Electricité de Djibouti (EDD) since 1986, more than a decade before Guelleh came to power.[47][48]

Owing to this intricate blurring of state functions and the ruling clan, Guelleh has been able to exercise strict control over the country’s political, economic and judiciary affairs, aided by his strong grip on the police, military and other security forces. This has guaranteed that "the Guelleh clan’s domination of all public affairs prevailed."[44]

A message sent from the US Embassy in Djibouti in 2004 and published on WikiLeaks described Djibouti as "less a country than a commercial city state controlled by one man, Ismail Omar Guelleh."[49]

In its 2020 country report on Human Rights Practices, the US government identified "unlawful or arbitrary killings", "cases of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment by the government", and "arbitrary or unlawful interference with privacy; serious restrictions on free expression, the press, and the internet, including violence", among others, as "significant human rights issues" in the country.[50]

Closer relations with China

[edit]
Guelleh arriving at the London Conference on Somalia in February 2012

Guelleh has made use of his country’s strategic position for years, marked by large infrastructure investments, especially in ports and logistics.[5][51] Since 2013, Guelleh has pursued closer economic and political relations with China, which coincided with Beijing’s growing strategic interest in the Middle East and Africa through the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative that year.[52]

The ensuing great power competition for the country has increased Djibouti’s scope for maneuver, but China’s influence has also grown over Djibouti, having established a naval base there in 2017 and triggering concerns among Djibouti’s traditional Western allies that Beijing’s authoritarian governance style is encouraging more autocratic behavior on Guelleh’s part as well.[53][54]

Ismail Omar Guelleh with Obamas on 5 August 2014.

The influx of Chinese investments into the country has furthered Guelleh’s development plan based on the Singapore model. It is often understood as "an authoritarian government delivering national prosperity through rigid planning and a singular focus on economic development at the expense of democracy, human rights, and basic freedoms."[55] Guelleh has frequently made references to following Singapore’s path in official speeches, hoping to transform Djibouti into the "Singapore of Africa" by capitalizing on the Port of Djibouti’s growing role as a strategically located maritime trading hub.[56][57]

Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta and Guelleh shake hands at the AMISOM Heads of State Summit, 2016

However, experts regard Djibouti’s continued government corruption and favoring of Chinese investors as a hindrance to that development strategy paying off.[58][55] For example, in 2012 the Djibouti government sold its Doraleh Container Terminal concession of the Port of Djibouti to a Chinese competitor of concession partner DP World, an UAE-based port operator.[59] In February 2018, Ismaïl Guelleh revoked DP World’s concession by presidential decree, transferring its assets to a state-run company.[60][61] Using Chinese funding, that same year Djibouti also opened a long-term project to build what is projected to be Africa’s greatest free trade zone.[60]

In 2020, the London Court of International Arbitration ruled Djibouti’s expropriation illegal and ordered the original concession rights are to be restored.[62] The Court had previously ordered the country to pay $533 million in compensation to the DP World company. Djibouti rejected the Court’s ruling and handed a quarter of the port's stake to China Merchants Ports Holdings.[63]

Economy

[edit]
Indian President Ram Nath Kovind and Ismail Omar Guelleh in October 2017

While the FDI-driven policy into port and logistics infrastructure pursued by Guelleh has been responsible for steady economic growth, it has created a service-dependent and capital-intensive economy with low exports and opportunities for job creation.[64] Indeed, unemployment remains an enduring issue that disproportionally affects the young. According to a 2015 employment survey, Djibouti’s unemployment rate was at 39 percent, where only 25 percent of working age people were employed.[64] A more recent[when?] estimate puts unemployment of the young at 80 percent.[citation needed]

Furthermore, the investment projects behind the country’s economic growth throughout the years were financed by external debt, which has led to high levels of debt ownership by foreign actors, particularly China.[65][66] Overall, the country’s economy was ranked as "mostly unfree" by the Heritage Foundation’s 2021 Index of Economic Freedom.[67]

The expansion of the Berbera port in Somaliland by DP World, which would reduce landlocked Ethiopia’s dependence on Djibouti for large parts of its trade, has been speculated to pose a threat to the port of Djibouti’s regional dominance.[68] Guelleh has dismissed such claims.[69]

Regional security

[edit]
Guelleh with President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev at the 18th Non-Aligned Movement summit in Baku, October 2019.

Djibouti under Guelleh’s rule has remained a stable country within a conflict-ridden region. Guelleh’s presidency has seen the signing of a peace agreement between warring ethnic tribes in 2000 and the resolution of a decade-long border dispute between Djibouti and Eritrea in 2018.[70][71] The 2018 peace treaty between Ethiopia and Eritrea is expected to reduce Djibouti’s port revenues in the long-run and could in turn lead to Guelleh becoming unable to maintain his stringent control over the country.[72]

In 2020, Guelleh hosted the leaders of Somalia and its break-away Republic of Somaliland as well as Ethiopia’s Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed for peace talks.[73]

Guelleh expressed strong support for Ethiopia's Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed in the Tigray War between the government and the rebels, saying that he had chosen to "restore law and order at the federal level, and punish those seeking to break up the country" and dismissed the prospect of negotiations, saying that the Tigray People's Liberation Front had "structured itself so as to bring the central government to its knees" and that talks could "only lead to the partition of Ethiopia", setting a precedent for secession by other groups in the region.[74]

Personal life

[edit]

Ismail Guelleh is married with four children.[12]

Following a visit of Guelleh and his entourage to Paris in late 2018, France’s National Financial Prosecutor's Office opened a preliminary investigation into the alleged fraudulent acquisition of several properties in the city.[75] The investigation, launched after a complaint from anti-corruption NGO Sherpa and focusing on Guelleh’s wife, eldest daughter and son in law, is ongoing as of July 2021.[76]

He owns a property in Dubai.[77]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "(Page 7) Tout savoir sur Ismaïl Omar Guelleh – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  2. ^ "Bio express – Jeune Afrique". 3 February 2008.
  3. ^ "Biographie du Président". Présidence de la République de Djibouti (in French). Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  4. ^ Reuters Staff. "Factbox: Africa's longest-ruling leaders". U.S. Retrieved 8 July 2021. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  5. ^ a b c "Veteran ruler Guelleh re-elected Djibouti leader for fifth term". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  6. ^ "Djibouti: l'opposition se prépare au boycott de la présidentielle". RFI (in French). 15 January 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  7. ^ "Djibouti's veteran ruler Guelleh re-elected for fifth term". France 24. 10 April 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  8. ^ "The world's enduring dictators". CBS News. 16 May 2011.
  9. ^ Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. "Why awarding Padma Vibhushan to Djibouti President matters to India". The Economic Times. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  10. ^ "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2007", report to Congress, U.S. Dept. of State, August 2008 (on Issa in Djibouti)
  11. ^ "Djibouti: le président Ismaïl Omar Guelleh en 12 dates". RFI (in French). 7 April 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  12. ^ a b c d East, Roger; Thomas, Richard J. (3 June 2014). Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders. Routledge. pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-1-317-63940-4.
  13. ^ Gurdon, Charles (1996). "The Horn of Africa". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 59 (1): 63. doi:10.1017/S0041977X0002927X. ISSN 1474-0699.
  14. ^ a b Arnould, Valérie; Strazzari, Francesco (2017). African futures: Horizon 2025. Paris: EU Institute for Security Studies. p. 14. ISBN 978-92-9198-631-6.
  15. ^ "Djibouti: President Gouled Aptidon to retire in April after 22 years in power", AFP, 4 February 1999.
  16. ^ "Proclamation du Président de la République de Djibouti par le Conseil Constitutionnel" Archived 16 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Journal Officiel de la République de Djibouti (in French).
  17. ^ Elections in Djibouti, African Elections Database.
  18. ^ "Sudan: President holds weekend talks with Ethiopia", IRIN, 11 May 1999.
  19. ^ "Horn of Africa, Monthly Review, September - October 1999", UN-OCHA Archive (accessed 23 February 2009)
  20. ^ "Witnesses describe 'coup attempt'", IRIN, 8 December 2000.
  21. ^ "Le RPP plébiscite son candidat" Archived 13 October 2004 at the Wayback Machine, La Nation, 11 October 2004 (in French).
  22. ^ "No challengers for Guelleh as presidential campaign kicks off", IRIN, 29 March 2005.
  23. ^ "Djibouti's Leader Wins Uncontested Vote". The New York Times. Reuters. 9 April 2005. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  24. ^ "Guelleh sworn in for second presidential term", IRIN, 9 May 2005.
  25. ^ "Djibouti lawmakers remove term limits", Reuters, 11 April 2010.
  26. ^ "Djibouti politics: Issa job?", Economist Intelligence Unit Report, 20 April 2010.
  27. ^ ""The Notion of Spring Does Not Exist in the Arab world": Djibouti's President Ismail Guelleh Wards off the Arab Spring". Jamestown. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  28. ^ Davison, William (11 March 2011). "Djibouti Forces Arrest Opposition Leaders, Scuppering Protests". Bloomberg.
  29. ^ "HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVIST ARRESTED IN DJIBOUTI: JEAN-PAUL NOЁL ABDI". Amnesty International. 11 February 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  30. ^ "A Djibouti, le régime d'Omar Guelleh étouffe l'opposition". Le Monde.fr (in French). 6 April 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  31. ^ "Djibouti: President Ismael Omar Guelleh wins third term", BBC News, 9 April 2011.
  32. ^ "Djibouti: Allow Peaceful Protests", Human Rights Watch statement, 4 April 2011.
  33. ^ "Djibouti president vows third term would be last". AFP. 7 April 2011. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013.
  34. ^ Djibouti President Ismail Omar Guelleh wins fourth term BBC News, 9 April 2016
  35. ^ a b "Djibouti's Guelleh clinches fourth term with landslide win". France 24. 9 April 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  36. ^ "Djibouti President Ismail Omar Guelleh wins fourth term". BBC News. 9 April 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  37. ^ "Djibouti's 73-year-old President Guelleh announces fifth term bid "for the youth" | Africa Times". africatimes.com. 12 January 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.[permanent dead link‍]
  38. ^ "Guelleh re-elected president of Djibouti with 98.58% of vote: official count". Xinhua. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  39. ^ "Djibouti's President Guelleh wins fifth term with 97% of votes". Reuters. 10 April 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  40. ^ "Début de la campagne présidentielle à Djibouti sur fond d'appel au boycott". RFI (in French). 27 March 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  41. ^ "Djibouti makes COVID-19 vaccination compulsory". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  42. ^ "DJIBOUTI : IOG continues to ring the changes in ambassadorial corps - 23/06/2021". Africa Intelligence. 23 June 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  43. ^ "Djibouti: la question de la succession d'Ismaël Omar Guelleh se pose après sa réélection pour un 5e mandat". RFI (in French). 12 April 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  44. ^ a b c Hirt, Nicole (1 October 2019). "Djibouti (Vol 15, 2018)". Africa Yearbook Online.
  45. ^ a b Hared, Hassan Cher. "Djibouti: Qui veut la peau du ministre de la santé, Djama Elmi Okieh?". HCH24 (in French). Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  46. ^ a b "DJIBOUTI : IOG sows the seeds of discord over his succession - 28/05/2021". Africa Intelligence. 28 May 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  47. ^ a b "DJIBOUTI : Comment Ismaïl Omar Guelleh gouverne en famille avec Kadra, Naguib, Saad et les autres - La Lettre de l'Océan Indien". Africa Intelligence (in French). 19 June 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  48. ^ "PORT DJIBOUTI". EMAA. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  49. ^ "In Djibouti, A Dictator Clings to Power and Extends Suffering". Vanguard Africa. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  50. ^ "Djibouti". United States Department of State. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  51. ^ Cabestan, Jean-Pierre (30 October 2020). "African Agency and Chinese Power: The Case of Djibouti". Africa Portal. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  52. ^ "China Consolidates Its Commercial Foothold in Djibouti". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  53. ^ "China's Djibouti naval base increasing its power | East Asia Forum". East Asia Forum. 16 May 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  54. ^ Vertin, Zach (15 June 2020). "Great power rivalry in the Red Sea". Brookings. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  55. ^ a b "What Guelleh missed in trying to turn Djibouti into the "Singapore of Africa"". African Arguments. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  56. ^ Blair, Edmund (2 February 2016). "China to start work soon on naval base in Djibouti - Guelleh". Reuters. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  57. ^ Schipani, Andres (1 June 2021). "Djibouti's port dream to become the 'Singapore of Africa'". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
  58. ^ "Government Corruption Violates Human Rights in Djibouti". BORGEN. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  59. ^ "Djibouti: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report". Freedom House. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  60. ^ a b "DP World accuses Djibouti of illegally seizing container terminal". Financial Times. 23 February 2018. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
  61. ^ "DP World wins ruling against Djibouti over seized port". AP NEWS. 26 April 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  62. ^ "Ruling by London Tribunal Says Djibouti Acted Illegally". The Maritime Executive. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  63. ^ Paris, Costas (17 January 2020). "Djibouti Rejects Court Ruling to Hand Back Container Terminal". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  64. ^ a b "Economic Transformation in Djibouti" (PDF). World Bank Group. October 2018.
  65. ^ "DJIBOUTI: COUNTRY STRATEGY PAPER 2011-2015" (PDF). AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP. August 2011.
  66. ^ "Djibouti risks dependence on Chinese largesse". The Economist. 19 July 2018. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  67. ^ "Djibouti Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption". www.heritage.org. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  68. ^ "Will Somaliland's Berbera port be a threat to Djibouti's?". The Africa Report.com. 24 December 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  69. ^ Ivudria, Godfrey (27 November 2020). "Growth of Berbera Port a Concern to Djibouti". East African Business Week. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  70. ^ "Saudi Arabia and the UAE Look to Africa". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  71. ^ Maasho, Aaron (6 September 2018). "Djibouti, Eritrea agree to normalize ties strained since 2008". Reuters. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  72. ^ "Why Djibouti is the loser of the Horn of Africa's new peace". Atlantic Council. 12 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  73. ^ "Somali, Somaliland Leaders Resume Talks in Djibouti | Voice of America - English". www.voanews.com. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  74. ^ Soudan, François (24 November 2020). "'Abiy Ahmed had to punish those seeking to break up Ethiopia' – Djibouti President". The Africa Report. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020.
  75. ^ "Biens mal acquis: un rapport demande un mécanisme de restitution aux populations". RFI (in French). 26 November 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  76. ^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "France-Djibouti : l'entourage d'Ismaël Omar Guelleh visé par une enquête sur des biens mal acquis | DW | 11 March 2019". DW.COM (in French). Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  77. ^ "How Dirty Money Finds a Home in Dubai Real Estate - OCCRP". How Dirty Money Finds a Home in Dubai Real Estate - OCCRP. 14 May 2024.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ismail Omar Guelleh.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Ismaïl Omar Guelleh.
Political offices
Preceded by President of Djibouti
1999–present 		Incumbent
Retrieved from "https://wiki.eso.workers.dev/w/index.php?title=Ismaïl_Omar_Guelleh&oldid=1256881938"