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Accession of Georgia to the European Union

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This article is about accession negotiations process. For the broad perspective on relations between the European Union and Georgia, see Georgia–European Union relations.
Accession of Georgia to the European Union
StatusCandidate
Application
European perspective23 June 2022[1]
Membership application3 March 2022
Screened & negotiations commence
Chapters closed
Memberships & Treaties
Association Agreement
Economic and monetary policy
Travel
Energy
Foreign and military policy
Human rights and international courts
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Impact (27+1)
Population446,828,803450,731,931
Area4,233,262 km2
1,634,472 mi2		4,303,962 km2
HDI0.896
GDP (PPP)$25.399 trillion
GDP per capita (PPP)$56,928
GDP$17.818 trillion
GDP per capita$39,940
Gini30.0
Official Languages2425
Politics of Georgia
Constitution
Executive
Legislature
Judiciary
Local government
Administrative divisions
Election Administration
Foreign relations
Related topics
flag Georgia portal

The accession of Georgia to the European Union (EU) is on the current agenda for future enlargement of the EU.

Following an application by Georgia in March 2022, the EU established Georgia's eligibility to become a member of the Union, recognizing the country as a potential candidate. On 8 November 2023, the European Commission issued an official recommendation to grant candidate status to Georgia,[2] which was confirmed on 14 December 2023.[3]

It is one of nine current EU candidate countries, together with Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine.

History

[edit]
Main article: Georgia–European Union relations

The European Union and Georgia have maintained relations since 1992, following an agreement between the former European Community and the newly independent Georgia.[4] In April 1996, Georgia, along with Armenia and Azerbaijan, signed a Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) with the European Union.[5] On 12 January 2002, the European Parliament noted that Georgia may enter the EU in the future.[6] In 2006, a five-year "Action Plan" of rapprochement was implemented in the context of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). In 2009, relations between the two were further upgraded under the auspices of Eastern Partnership.[citation needed]

In March 2013, the Parliament of Georgia passed a bipartisan resolution supporting the integration into the European Union and NATO. The resolution was drafted jointly by the two largest political parties, Georgian Dream and United National Movement, and was voted by 96 deputies.[7][8] In 2016, a comprehensive Association Agreement between the EU and Georgia went into force, providing Georgia with visa-free travel to the EU, as well as access to some sectors of the European Single Market. Following Brexit, most of the existing EU-Georgia agreements applicable to the United Kingdom were renegotiated and agreed upon in 2019 bilaterally with the United Kingdom. In January 2021, Georgia was preparing to formally apply for EU membership in 2024.[3][9] However, on 3 March 2022, Georgia submitted its membership application ahead of schedule, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[10] In June 2022, the European Commission established Georgia's eligibility to become a member of the EU, but deferred giving it official candidate status until after certain conditions were met.[11] Later that month, the European Council expressed readiness to grant Georgia the status of a candidate after completing a set of reforms recommended by the commission.[12] On 8 November 2023, the European Commission recommended giving candidate status to Georgia.[13][14][15] On 14 December 2023, Georgia was given candidate status by the EU.[16]

Following the Georgian government's approval of legislation which would require non-governmental organizations to register as foreign agents or "organizations carrying the interests of a foreign power" and disclose the sources of their income if the funds they receive from abroad amount to more than 20% of their total revenue, which led to widespread protests in the country, the European Council stated in June 2024 that this represented "backsliding on the steps set out in the Commission's recommendation for candidate status" and that the accession process would be de facto on hold until the government changes course.[17] On 9 July 2024, the EU ambassador in Georgia announced that the European Union had suspended the country's accession process as a result of the legislation.[18][19] The European Union has threatened Georgia with sanctions and suspension of relations if the country becomes a "one-party state" without political opposition following parliamentary elections in October 2024.[20]

The 2024 Georgian parliamentary elections resulted in Georgian Dream retaining power, but were disputed by opposition parties which claimed that the vote was not free and fair and was subject to widespread voter fraud. The European Parliament adopted a non-binding resolution which rejected the validity of the results, and called for the vote to be repeated within a year.[21] On 28 November 2024, Georgian Prime Minister Irakli Kobakhidze announced that Georgia's EU accession negotiations had been suspended until the end of 2028,[22] though he added that his government would continue to implement the reforms required for accession and that it still planned for Georgia to join the EU by 2030.[23]

Treaties

[edit]

Stabilisation and Association Agreement

[edit]
Main article: Georgia–European Union Association Agreement
President of Georgia Salome Zourabichvili, President of Moldova Maia Sandu, President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy and President of the European Council Charles Michel during the 2021 Batumi International Conference. In 2014, the EU signed Association Agreements with all the three states.
Georgian flag in front of the Council of Europe

To enhance their relationship, the EU and Georgia began negotiating an Association Agreement (AA) and a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement.[24] In November 2012, European Commissioner for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Stefan Fule stated that the AA negotiations could be finalized by November 2013.[25] In February 2013, Tamar Beruchachvili, the Deputy State Minister for European and Euro-Atlantic Integration of Georgia, stated that Georgia had no plans to join the Eurasian Economic Union,[26] which Fule has warned Ukraine would be incompatible with the agreements with the EU.[27] A ceremony on the initialling of the AA by the Georgian Foreign Minister Maia Panjikidze and EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton was held at the Eastern Partnership summit on 29 November 2013.[28][29] It was formally signed on 27 June 2014,[30] and had to be ratified by the EU, Euratom, their member states and Georgia. A second agreement, governing the country's involvement in EU crisis management operations, was also signed.[31]

The Association Agreement, much of which provisionally came into force in September, has been fully ratified by Georgia and all EU member states.[32] On 18 December 2014 the European Parliament approved the Association Agreement. Members backed the treaty by 490 votes in favour to 76 against, with 57 abstentions.[33] The agreement entered into force on 1 July 2016.[32]

Ratification

[edit]
Ratification history
Signatory Date Institution In Favour Against AB Deposited[32] Reference
Austria Austria 8 July 2015 National Council Approved 28 August 2015 [34]
23 July 2015 Federal Council Approved [34]
Presidential Assent Granted
 Belgium
23 April 2015 Chamber of Representatives 101 17 20 1 February 2016 [35][36]
Royal Assent (federal law)
1 July 2015
Walloon
Parliament 		(regional)
(community)
63 2 4 [37]
61 2 4 [37]
22 June 2015 German-speaking Community 16 2 1 [38]
24 June 2015 French Community 71 0 8 [39]
20 November 2015 Brussels Regional Parliament 69 3 3 [40][41]
20 November 2015
Brussels United
Assembly[42] 		(FR language)
(NL language)
53 3 1 [43][44]
14 0 2 [43][44]
17 June 2015
Flemish
Parliament 		(regional)
(community)
82 18 [45]
87 19 [45]
24 June 2015 COCOF Assembly 71 0 8 [46][47]
Bulgaria Bulgaria 24 July 2014 National Assembly 91 0 0 9 September 2014 [48]
28 July 2014 Presidential Assent Granted [49]
Croatia Croatia 12 December 2014 Parliament 116 0 1 24 March 2015 [50]
18 December 2014 Presidential Assent Granted [51]
Cyprus Cyprus 7 May 2015 House of Representatives Approved 18 August 2015 [52]
22 May 2015 Presidential Assent Granted [53]
Czech Republic Czech Republic 18 March 2015 Senate 56 0 6 12 June 2015 [54]
29 April 2015 Chamber of Deputies 116 1 51 [54][55]
19 May 2015 Presidential Assent Granted [56]
Denmark Denmark 18 December 2014 Parliament 101 7 0 18 February 2015 [57]
Estonia Estonia 4 November 2014 Assembly 66 0 0 12 January 2015 [58][59]
13 November 2014 Presidential Assent Granted [58]
European Union European Union and EAEC 18 December 2014 European Parliament 490 76 57 19 April 2016 (EAEC)
23 May 2016 (EU) 		[33]
Council of the European Union
Finland Finland 10 March 2015 Parliament Approved 6 May 2015 [60]
24 April 2015 Presidential Assent Granted [61]
France France 29 October 2015 Senate Approved 15 December 2015 [62]
25 June 2015 National Assembly Approved [62]
9 November 2015 Presidential Assent Granted [62]
Germany Germany 8 May 2015 Bundesrat Approved 22 July 2015 [63]
26 March 2015 Bundestag Approved [64]
27 May 2015 Presidential Assent Granted [65]
Georgia (country) Georgia 18 July 2014 Parliament 123 0 0 25 July 2014 [66]
Presidential Assent Granted
Greece Greece 18 November 2015 Parliament Approved 14 December 2015 [67]
24 November 2015 Presidential Promulgation Granted [68]
Hungary Hungary 25 November 2014 National Assembly 127 6 0 7 April 2015 [69]
5 December 2014 Presidential Assent Granted [69]
Republic of Ireland Ireland 27 January 2015 Dáil Éireann 58 19 0 17 April 2015 [70]
Italy Italy 26 November 2015 Senate 202 37 10 3 February 2016 [71]
29 July 2015 Chamber of Deputies 310 93 34 [71]
7 December 2015 Presidential Assent Granted [72]
Latvia Latvia 14 July 2014 Parliament 81 0 0 2 October 2014 [73]
18 July 2014 Presidential Assent Granted [74]
Lithuania Lithuania 8 July 2014 Parliament 84 0 1 29 July 2014 [75]
11 July 2014 Presidential Assent Granted [76]
Luxembourg Luxembourg 18 March 2015 Chamber of Deputies 55 2 0 12 May 2015 [77]
12 April 2015 Grand Ducal Promulgation Granted [78]
Malta Malta 21 August 2014 House of Representatives Approved 29 August 2014 [79][80][81]
Netherlands Netherlands 7 July 2015 Senate Adopted 21 September 2015 [82]
7 April 2015 House of Representatives 119 31 0 [83]
28 July 2015 Royal Promulgation Granted [82]
Poland Poland 5 March 2015 Senate 75 0 0 22 May 2015 [84]
6 February 2015 Sejm 439 0 1 [85][86]
26 March 2015 Presidential Assent Granted [87]
Portugal Portugal 2 April 2015 National Assembly Approved 8 October 2015 [88]
19 May 2015 Presidential Assent Granted [89]
Romania Romania 2 July 2014 Chamber of Deputies 298 0 0 14 July 2014 [90]
3 July 2014 Senate 111 0 2 [91]
9 July 2014 Presidential Assent Granted [92]
Slovakia Slovakia 23 September 2014 National Council 117 0 1 21 October 2014 [93]
16 October 2014 Presidential Assent Granted [94]
Slovenia Slovenia 13 May 2015 National Assembly 69 3 0 27 July 2015 [95][96]
21 May 2015 Presidential Assent Granted [97]
Spain Spain 27 May 2015 Senate Approved 28 July 2015 [98]
30 April 2015 Congress of Deputies 303 0 1 [99]
Royal Assent Granted
Sweden Sweden 26 November 2014 Parliament 249 44 0 9 January 2015 [100]
United Kingdom United Kingdom 23 February 2015 House of Commons Approved 8 April 2015 [101]
9 March 2015 House of Lords Approved [102]
19 March 2015 Royal Assent Granted [103]

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

[edit]

The ratification was based on The European Union (Definition of Treaties) (Association Agreement) (Georgia) Order 2015, made in accordance with section 1(3) of the European Communities Act 1972, after having been approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament.

The agreement applied to the United Kingdom as an EU-member state until Brexit on 31 January 2020. During the transition period that followed Brexit, the agreement until 31 December 2020, the agreement still applied to the UK.

Free trade area

[edit]

The agreement established a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) between the EU and Georgia, including "the removal of import duties for most goods traded between the EU and Georgia" and "broad mutual access to trade in services for both partners".[104]

Public opinion

[edit]

A March 2023 survey conducted by the International Republican Institute found that 85% of Georgians (70% 'fully', 15% 'somewhat') were in favour of EU membership, up from 75% before the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[105] In April 2023, a nationwide poll by the International Republican Institute found that 89 percent of Georgians support joining the EU, the highest number recorded for years.[106]

Date Question Fully support Somewhat support Somewhat oppose Strongly oppose Don't know/No answer
September 2022 – IRI[107] EU membership 70% 15% 3% 7% 5%
March 2023 – IRI[105] EU membership 75% 14% 3% 5% 3%

Negotiations

[edit]

Georgia has not yet started the negotiation process.

Chapter and screening dates
Progression 0 / 35 0 / 35 0 / 35 0 / 35
Acquis chapter Screening started Screening completed Chapter opened Chapter closed
Overview 0 out of 35 0 out of 35 0 out of 35 0 out of 35
1. Free Movement of Goods
2. Freedom of Movement For Workers
3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services
4. Free Movement of Capital
5. Public Procurement
6. Company Law
7. Intellectual Property Law
8. Competition Policy
9. Financial Services
10. Information Society & Media
11. Agriculture & Rural Development
12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy
13. Fisheries
14. Transport Policy
15. Energy
16. Taxation
17. Economic & Monetary Policy
18. Statistics
19. Social Policy & Employment
20. Enterprise & Industrial Policy
21. Trans-European Networks
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments
23. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights
24. Justice, Freedom & Security
25. Science & Research
26. Education & Culture
27. Environment & Climate Change
28. Consumer & Health Protection
29. Customs Union
30. External Relations
31. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy
32. Financial Control
33. Financial & Budgetary Provisions
34. Institutions
35. Other Issues
Report history
Clusters Acquis Chapter February 2023 Report[108] November 2023 Report[109] October 2024 Report[110]
1. Fundamentals Public administration reform – Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
23. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights Some level of preparation Some level of preparation Some level of preparation
24. Justice, Freedom & Security Some level of preparation Some level of preparation Some level of preparation
Economic criteria – Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
5. Public Procurement Some level of preparation Some level of preparation Some level of preparation
18. Statistics Some level of preparation Some level of preparation Some level of preparation
32. Financial Control Some level of preparation Some level of preparation Some level of preparation
2. Internal Market 1. Free Movement of Goods Some level of preparation Some level of preparation Some level of preparation
2. Freedom of Movement For Workers Early stage Early stage Early stage
3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
4. Free Movement of Capital Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
6. Company Law Some level of preparation Some level of preparation Some level of preparation
7. Intellectual Property Law Some level of preparation Some level of preparation Some level of preparation
8. Competition Policy Early stage Early stage Some level of preparation†
9. Financial Services Some level of preparation Some level of preparation Some level of preparation
28. Consumer & Health Protection Some level of preparation Some level of preparation Some level of preparation
3. Competitiveness
and inclusive growth 		10. Digital transformation & Media Some level of preparation Some level of preparation Some level of preparation
16. Taxation Some level of preparation Moderately prepared‡ Moderately prepared‡
17. Economic & Monetary Policy Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
19. Social Policy & Employment Some level of preparation Some level of preparation Some level of preparation
20. Enterprise & Industrial Policy Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
25. Science & Research Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
26. Education & Culture Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
29. Customs Union Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
4. Green agenda
and sustainable connectivity 		14. Transport Some level of preparation Some level of preparation Some level of preparation
15. Energy Some level of preparation Some level of preparation Some level of preparation
21. Trans-European Networks Some level of preparation Some level of preparation Some level of preparation
27. Environment & Climate Change Early stage Early stage Early stage
5. Resources, agriculture
and cohesion 		11. Agriculture & Rural Development Early stage Early stage Early stage
12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy Some level of preparation Some level of preparation Some level of preparation
13. Fisheries Some level of preparation Some level of preparation Some level of preparation
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments Early stage Some level of preparation† Some level of preparation†
33. Financial & Budgetary Provisions Early stage Early stage Early stage
6. External relations 30. External Relations Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
31. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
34. Institutions - –
35. Other Issues - –
Legend:
Chapters in bold indicate completed chapters.
† indicates chapters in which the European Commission has simultaneously awarded the chapter both "early stage" AND "some level of preparation".
‡ indicates chapters in which the European Commission has simultaneously awarded the chapter both "some level of preparation" AND "moderately prepared".

  totally incompatible   early stage   considerable efforts needed   some level of preparation   further efforts needed   moderately prepared   no major difficulties expected   good level of preparation   well prepared / well advanced

Economy

[edit]

Georgia is expected to have to adopt the euro and become a member of the Eurozone in the future if it joins the EU.[citation needed]

Travel

[edit]

Since 28 March 2017, Georgian citizens have been able to travel visa-free to the Schengen area. Starting in 2025, like all nationals from visa-exempt countries, Georgians will also need to comply with the EU's ETIAS system before entering any of the EU/Schengen member countries.[111]

Impact of joining

[edit]
Member countries Population[112] Area (km2) GDP
(US$)[113] 		GDP
per capita (US$) 		Languages
Georgia (country) Georgia 3,688,647 69,700 30 billion 8,164 Georgian
EU27 447,007,596 4,233,262 17,046 billion 38,134 24
EU27+1 450,731,931
(+0.83%) 		4,302,962
(+1.65%) 		17,076 billion
(+0.18%) 		37,885
(−0.65%) 		25
(+1)

Reactions

[edit]
  • Armenia Armenia: On 7 February 2024, prime minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan congratulated neighboring Georgia for obtaining EU candidate status. During an address to the National Assembly, Pashinyan stated, "Many significant realities have changed in our region, and one of those realities is the fact that Georgia has received the status of a candidate for EU membership, which has an objective impact on our region. It turns out that two of our neighboring countries have the status of a candidate for EU membership, and if before it was possible to say, where is the EU, where is our region, now the EU is actually our region, and we are aware of this fact."[114]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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