Jump to content

Fred Kessler

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Honorable
Fred Kessler
Member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
from the 12th district
In office
January 3, 2005 – January 1, 2019
Preceded byShirley Krug
Succeeded byLaKeshia Myers
Wisconsin Circuit Court Judge for the Milwaukee Circuit, Branch 11
In office
August 1, 1986 – February 9, 1988
Preceded byChrist T. Seraphim
Succeeded byDominic S. Amato
Wisconsin Circuit Court Judge for the Milwaukee Circuit, Branch 23
In office
August 1, 1978 – June 2, 1981
Preceded byTransitioned from County Court
Succeeded byJanine P. Geske
County Judge of Milwaukee County Branch 4
In office
July 5, 1972 – July 31, 1978
Appointed byPatrick Lucey
Preceded byChrist T. Seraphim
Succeeded byTransitioned to Circuit Court
Member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
from the Milwaukee 10th district
In office
January 4, 1965 – July 5, 1972
Preceded byPatrick H. Kelly
Succeeded byPosition Abolished
In office
January 2, 1961 – January 7, 1963
Preceded byPatrick H. Kelly
Succeeded byPatrick H. Kelly
Personal details
Born(1940-01-11)January 11, 1940
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.
DiedNovember 12, 2024(2024-11-12) (aged 84)
Political partyDemocratic
SpouseJudge Joan F. Kessler
Children2
Residence(s)Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Alma materUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison
ProfessionAttorney, arbitrator, redistricting consultant, former judge
WebsiteOfficial Website

Frederick P. Kessler (January 11, 1940 – November 12, 2024) was an American lawyer, arbitrator, judge, and Democratic Party politician. He served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly for 24 years between 1961 and 2019, and served 11 years as a state judge in the 1970s and 1980s.[1]

Fred Kessler was married to retired Wisconsin Court of Appeals Judge Joan F. Kessler.

Early life

[edit]

Kessler was born January 11, 1940, in Milwaukee and attended Our Redeemer Lutheran School in Madison until he became a Page of the United States House of Representatives, serving from 1955 and attending the House Page School. He ultimately graduated from Milwaukee Lutheran High School and worked briefly as a machine operator (becoming a member of the United Steel Workers) and salesman, before his 1960 election to the Assembly.[2] He was involved in the movement to draft John F. Kennedy to run for President in 1960, serving as Chairman of the Wisconsin Youth for Kennedy Club in 1959. He was the youngest Chairman of the Wauwatosa City Democratic Committee at age 19.[3]

First terms in the Assembly

[edit]

In 1960, Kessler ran for Wisconsin State Assembly in Milwaukee County's 10th Assembly district (at the time the district comprised just the 10th ward of the city of Milwaukee). Kessler was one of five Democrats challenging incumbent Patrick H. Kelly in the Democratic primary. Kessler ultimately prevailed with 38% of the vote and went on to defeat Republican Herbert W. Smith in the general election.[4] On the opening day of the 1961 legislative session, January 11, 1961, Kessler's 21st birthday, he became the youngest person, up to that time, ever to serve in the Wisconsin Legislature. He was assigned to the standing committee on education.[5] In 1962, rather than running for re-election, he sought the Democratic nomination for the Wisconsin's 6th State Senate district, but came in 2nd to Martin J. Schreiber in a four-way primary. Patrick Kelly reclaimed his old Assembly seat.[6]

While serving in the Assembly, Kessler earned his bachelor's degree from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1962, and after his term expired, he worked with Governor John Reynolds' staff on reapportionment litigation in 1964.

In 1964, he again unseated Patrick Kelly, taking an absolute majority in a five-way Democratic primary (Kelly himself came in third), and won the general election 7,004 to 2,525. He was assigned to the Assembly committees on elections and the judiciary, and a joint committee on revisions, repeals and uniform laws.[7] Kessler received a law degree from the University of Wisconsin Law School in 1966, and was re-elected easily in 1966,[8] 1968[9] and 1970.[10]

Redistricting

[edit]
See also: Redistricting in Wisconsin

Kessler played a significant role in Wisconsin's redistricting fights of the 1960s and 1970s. In the 1960s, he was part of Governor Reynolds' team arguing before the Wisconsin Supreme Court over the failure of the state Legislature to pass a new redistricting plan after the 1960 census. After the Legislature failed to meet several deadlines, the Court ultimately drew its own map.[11] Governor Reynolds embraced the court-ordered map and called it, "the culmination of my four-year fight for equal voting rights for the people of the state of Wisconsin."[12]

In 1971, Kessler was chairman of the Assembly elections committee and the principal negotiator for Democrats crafting a new reapportionment bill. The 1970s redistricting was further complicated by the new federal Voting Rights Act of 1965 and accompanying U.S. Supreme Court opinions which set a legal mandate for states to seek equal representation in legislative districts. Requirements in the Wisconsin Constitution created unique technical challenges to achieving equal representation, and the state government was under divided partisan control. Kessler set out a plan to achieve the various goals by disregarding strict adherence to county boundaries, eliminating 1 Assembly seat, and establishing a uniform 3-to-1 ratio of Assembly to Senate seats.[13] Republicans and Democrats soon agreed with his recommendations, but disagreed over the final map. Finally, in an April 1972 special session of the Legislature, a compromise was reached.[14]

Judiciary

[edit]

After the end of the Legislative session in 1972, Lucey appointed Kessler to a vacant county judgeship. He was subsequently elected to a full term in April 1973.[15]

Kessler was appointed to the Wisconsin Legislative Council Committee on Court Reorganization in 1978. He was a leader in the fight for a single level trial court and the appointment by the Supreme Court of the district chief judges (both which were approved by an 8 to 7 vote on the committee, and ultimately signed into law). He also initiated a successful effort in 1979, to outlaw commercial surety bail bonding, resulting in Wisconsin becoming the fourth state to prohibit the practice. Due to the judicial reform law, his position of county judge was abolished and he was transitioned into a circuit judge for Milwaukee County, effective August 1, 1978. He was elected to another term April 3, 1979.[16]

Kessler resigned his judgeship on June 2, 1981, to attempt a run for the vacant seat in Wisconsin's 5th congressional district in 1982.[17] Kessler came in 2nd in the crowded ten-person Democratic primary, which included several past and current legislators, county supervisors, and the wife of Milwaukee mayor Henry Maier.[18]

In April 1986, Kessler ran for and defeated controversial Wisconsin circuit judge Christ T. Seraphim by a final margin (after recounts) of 485 votes (55,690 to Seraphim's 55,205).[19] He resigned the judgeship in early 1988 when he planned to make another run for United States House of Representatives, but ultimately dropped out before the primary.[20][21]

After the judiciary

[edit]

After leaving the court, Kessler worked as an attorney, labor arbitrator, and redistricting consultant.

As a civic leader, Kessler, in 1979, along with Milwaukee School Board member Leon Todd successfully led an effort to create three language immersion elementary schools in Milwaukee, one each in German, French and Spanish, see Milwaukee German Immersion School, Milwaukee French Immersion School.[citation needed] On May 15, 2014, Kessler and Todd receive a lifetime achievement award from the German Immersion Foundation for their effort in 1979.

He made another run for Congress in 1992 when the 5th congressional district seat became vacant again, but came in 3rd in a six-person Democratic primary.[22]

Return to the Assembly

[edit]

On April 6, 2004, his wife Joan F. Kessler, a long-time member of the board of governors of the State Bar of Wisconsin, unseated incumbent Court of Appeals Judge Charles B. Schudson. In November 2004, Fred Kessler returned to the Assembly, from the 12th District (northwestern Milwaukee, a part of Wauwatosa and one precinct in Waukesha County). He was assigned to the committees on campaigns and elections; criminal justice and homeland security; the judiciary; and state-federal relations.[23] He was re-elected without opposition in 2006 and 2008; and in 2010 won re-election over Republican Sam Hagedorn.[24]

In 2012, after a drastic redistricting by the Republican-controlled legislature removed his home from the 12th and changed the racial complexion completely,[25] Kessler faced a challenge in the Democratic primary from African-American newcomer Mario Hall, who was reported to be a school choice supporter with backing from the pro-voucher American Federation for Children and allied organizations.[26] Kessler (who had to move into the redrawn district) won with 71% of the vote, and faced no challenger in the November general election. Kessler was re-elected without significant opposition in 2014 (one Democratic and one Republican challenger failed to make the ballot; the Republican received .3% of the vote in the general election as a write-in candidate). In 2016, he had no challengers in the primary or general election.[27]

Kessler ran for re-election in 2018 but was defeated in the Democratic primary by schoolteacher LaKeshia Myers.[28]

Personal life and death

[edit]

Kessler was a member of Goethe House (vice president, president); the Milwaukee Chapter of the ACLU (board member, president); World Affairs Council of Milwaukee (board member); Wisconsin Bar Association; Wisconsin State Historical Society (board member); Industrial Relations Research Association, DANK (German-American National Congress) – Milwaukee chapter (vice president); Milwaukee Donauschwaben; Amnesty International Group 107 (chairman); Milwaukee Turners; N.A.A.C.P.; and a member of the City of Milwaukee Harbor Commission.

Fred and Joan Kessler had two children. He died from cancer on November 12, 2024, at the age of 84.[29]

Electoral history

[edit]

Wisconsin Assembly (1960)

[edit]
Wisconsin Assembly, Milwaukee 10th District Election, 1960[4]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Primary, September 13, 1960
Democratic Frederick P. Kessler 932 38.01%
Democratic Patrick H. Kelly (incumbent) 654 26.67%
Democratic Thomas J. Higgins 264 10.77%
Democratic George D. Havey 241 9.83%
Democratic Joseph H. Herro 213 8.69%
Democratic Jess F. Klingenberg 148 6.04%
Total votes 2,452 100.0%
General Election, November 3, 1960
Democratic Frederick P. Kessler 6,148 63.17% +3.50%
Republican Herbert Warren Smith 3,585 36.83% +5.98%
Plurality 2,563 26.33% -2.48%
Total votes 9,733 100.0% +45.29%
Democratic hold

Wisconsin Senate (1962)

[edit]
Wisconsin Senate, 6th District Election, 1962[6]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Primary, September 11, 1962
Democratic Martin J. Schreiber 3,250 41.28%
Democratic Frederick P. Kessler 2,890 36.71%
Democratic Richard C. Emery 1,344 17.07%
Democratic John Schaller 389 4.94%
Total votes 7,873 100.0%

Wisconsin Assembly, Milwaukee 10th district (1964–1970)

[edit]
Year Election Date Elected Defeated Total Plurality
1964[30] Primary Sep. 8 Frederick Kessler Democratic 1,823 59.77% William E. Nagel Dem. 489 16.03% 3,050 1,334
Patrick H. Kelly (inc.) Dem. 421 13.80%
James DeWitt Dem. 261 8.56%
Robert E. Watt Dem. 56 1.84%
General Nov. 3 Frederick Kessler Democratic 7,004 73.50% Kenneth R. Sherwin Rep. 2,525 26.50% 9,529 4,479
1966[8] General Nov. 8 Frederick Kessler (inc.) Democratic 2,984 66.05% Albert M. Cortell Rep. 1,534 33.95% 4,518 1,450
1968[9] Primary Sep. 10 Frederick Kessler (inc.) Democratic 1,166 82.81% Eugene O'Connell Dem. 242 17.19% 1,408 924
General Nov. 8 Frederick Kessler (inc.) Democratic 5,183 69.16% Thomas Miller Rep. 2,311 30.84% 7,494 2,872
1970[10] General Nov. 3 Frederick Kessler (inc.) Democratic 3,795 77.48% Paul E. Chovanec Rep. 1,103 22.52% 4,898 2,692

U.S. House of Representatives (1982)

[edit]
Wisconsin's 5th Congressional District Election, 1982[18]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Primary, September 14, 1982
Democratic Jim Moody 17,073 18.52%
Democratic Frederick P. Kessler 15,804 17.14%
Democratic Orville E. Pitts 15,264 16.55%
Democratic Warren D. Braun 13,320 14.45%
Democratic Marty Aronson 11,799 12.80%
Democratic Kevin D. O'Connor 10,368 11.24%
Democratic Karen Lamb 3,814 4.14%
Democratic Harout O. Sanasarian 2,812 3.05%
Democratic Roman R. Blenski 1,409 1.53%
Democratic John Werner 539 0.58%
Plurality 1,269 1.38%
Total votes 92,202 100.0%

Wisconsin Circuit Court (1986)

[edit]
Wisconsin Circuit Court, Milwaukee Circuit, Branch 11 Election, 1986[31]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
General Election, April 1, 1986
Nonpartisan Frederick P. Kessler 55,690 50.22%
Nonpartisan Christ T. Seraphim (incumbent) 55,205 49.78%
Total votes 110,895 100.0%

U.S. House of Representatives (1988, 1992)

[edit]
Wisconsin's 5th Congressional District Election, 1988[32]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Primary, September 13, 1988
Democratic Jim Moody (incumbent) 47,789 58.99%
Democratic Matthew J. Flynn 19,906 24.57%
Democratic Donald Sykes 5,314 6.56%
Democratic Terrance L. Pitts 4,966 6.13%
Democratic Frederick P. Kessler 2,517 3.11%
Democratic Roman R. Blenski 517 0.64%
Plurality 27,883 34.42%
Total votes 81,009 100.0%
Wisconsin's 5th Congressional District Election, 1992[22]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Primary, September 13, 1988
Democratic Thomas Barrett 34,301 41.07%
Democratic Terrance L. Pitts 18,928 22.66%
Democratic Frederick P. Kessler 15,729 18.83%
Democratic Marc J. Marotta 13,411 16.06%
Democratic Roman R. Blenski 662 0.79%
Democratic Gerald D. Wilson 483 0.58%
Plurality 15,373 18.41%
Total votes 83,514 100.0%

Wisconsin Assembly, 12th district (2004–2018)

[edit]
Year Election Date Elected Defeated Total Plurality
2004 Primary[33] Sep. 14 Frederick Kessler Democratic 3,112 55.31% Rene Settle-Robinson Dem. 2,496 44.37% 5,626 616
General[34] Nov. 2 Frederick Kessler Democratic 18,720 90.98% Kenneth R. Sherwin Con. 1,761 8.56% 20,576 16,959
2006 General[35] Nov. 7 Frederick Kessler (inc.) Democratic 13,193 98.76% --unopposed-- 13,359 13,027
2008 General[36] Nov. 4 Frederick Kessler (inc.) Democratic 20,399 98.92% 20,622 20,176
2010 General[24] Nov. 2 Frederick Kessler (inc.) Democratic 13,758 73.73% Sam Hagedorn Rep. 4,868 26.09% 18,661 8,890
2012 Primary[37] Aug. 14 Frederick Kessler (inc.) Democratic 1,937 71.48% Mario R. Hall Dem. 762 28.12% 2,710 1,175
General[38] Nov. 6 Frederick Kessler (inc.) Democratic 16,193 98.59% --unopposed-- 16,425
2014 General[39] Nov. 4 Frederick Kessler (inc.) Democratic 16,494 97.94% Russell Goodwin (write-in) Rep. 3 0.02% 16,841
2016 General[27] Nov. 8 Frederick Kessler (inc.) Democratic 18,642 98.42% --unopposed-- 18,941
2018 Primary[28] Aug. 14 LaKeshia Myers Democratic 3,709 59.23% Frederick Kessler (inc.) Dem. 2,545 40.64% 6,262 1,164

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Kessler, Frederick P. 1940 Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  2. ^ "Fred Kessler". Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  3. ^ "Wisconsin: Students for Kennedy | JFK Library". www.jfklibrary.org. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
  4. ^ a b Toepel, M. G.; Theobald, H. Rupert, eds. (1962). "Wisconsin Elections" (PDF). The Wisconsin Blue Book, 1962 (Report). Madison, Wisconsin: State of Wisconsin. pp. 797, 868. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  5. ^ Toepel, M. G.; Theobald, H. Rupert, eds. (1962). The Wisconsin Blue Book, 1962 (Report). State of Wisconsin. p. 51. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  6. ^ a b Theobald, H. Rupert, ed. (1964). "Elections in Wisconsin" (PDF). The Wisconsin Blue Book, 1964 (Report). Madison, Wisconsin: State of Wisconsin. pp. 797, 868. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  7. ^ Theobald, H. Rupert, ed. (1966). "Biographies" (PDF). The Wisconsin Blue Book, 1966 (Report). State of Wisconsin. p. 53. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  8. ^ a b Theobald, H. Rupert; Robbins, Patricia V., eds. (1968). "Elections" (PDF). The Wisconsin Blue Book, 1968 (Report). State of Wisconsin. pp. 715, 726. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  9. ^ a b Theobald, H. Rupert; Robbins, Patricia V., eds. (1970). "Elections" (PDF). The Wisconsin Blue Book, 1970 (Report). State of Wisconsin. pp. 805, 819. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  10. ^ a b "Elections" (PDF). The State of Wisconsin Blue Book, 1971 (Report). Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau. 1971. pp. 303, 320. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  11. ^ State ex rel. Reynolds v. Zimmerman, 22 Wis. 2d 544 (Wisconsin Supreme Court February 28, 1964).
  12. ^ Brissee, William (May 15, 1964). "High Court Remap Gives 25 Seats to Milwaukee County". Wisconsin State Journal. p. 2. Retrieved October 15, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. ^ "Thompson, Kessler Propose New Reapportionment Plan". Wisconsin State Journal. September 23, 1971. p. 6. Retrieved February 16, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ^ Selk, James D. (April 22, 1972). "Redistricting Passes, but Usury Bill Waits". Wisconsin State Journal. p. 1. Retrieved January 12, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ^ Theobald, H. Rupert; Robbins, Patricia V., eds. (1973). "Addenda" (PDF). The State of Wisconsin 1973 Blue Book (Report). Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau. p. 871. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  16. ^ Theobald, H. Rupert; Robbins, Patricia V., eds. (1979). "Elections" (PDF). The state of Wisconsin 1979-1980 Blue Book (Report). Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau. p. 885. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  17. ^ "Judge resigns to seek congressional post". Kenosha News. June 2, 1981. p. 31. Retrieved October 15, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. ^ a b Theobald, H. Rupert; Robbins, Patricia V., eds. (1983). "Elections" (PDF). The state of Wisconsin 1983-1984 Blue Book (Report). Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau. pp. 883, 905. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
  19. ^ Kloss, Gerald. "State, city scene was busy" Milwaukee Journal December 28, 1986; p. 3J, col. 3.
  20. ^ "Milwaukee judge to run for Congress". The Capital Times. February 9, 1988. p. 24. Retrieved October 15, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. ^ "Moody faces primary test". The Post-Crescent. July 13, 1988. p. 16. Retrieved October 15, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  22. ^ a b Barish, Lawrence S.; Theobald, H. Rupert, eds. (1993). "Elections" (PDF). State of Wisconsin 1993-1994 Blue Book (Report). Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau. p. 906. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  23. ^ Barish, Lawrence S.; Lemanski, Lynn, eds. (2005). "Biographies" (PDF). State of Wisconsin 2005-2006 Blue Book (Report). Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau. p. 27. ISBN 0-9752820-1-8. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  24. ^ a b Official summary results of the November 2, 2010 General Election (PDF) (Report). Wisconsin Government Accountability Board. December 1, 2010. p. 12. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  25. ^ "Frederick P. Kessler for State Assembly—12th District". Shepherd Express. August 7, 2018.
  26. ^ Noth, Dominique Paul (August 1, 2012). "How Fred Kessler Gets Under GOP Skin". Milwaukee Labor Press. Archived from the original on August 20, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  27. ^ a b Canvass Results for 2016 General Election - 11/8/2016 (PDF) (Report). Wisconsin Elections Commission. December 22, 2016. p. 11. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  28. ^ a b Canvass Results for 2018 Partisan Primary - 8/14/2018 (PDF) (Report). Wisconsin Elections Commission. August 31, 2018. p. 39. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  29. ^ Opoien, Jessie (14 November 2024). "Obituary: Fred Kessler was a former state legislator and judge". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  30. ^ Theobald, H. Rupert, ed. (1966). "Elections" (PDF). The Wisconsin Blue Book, 1966 (Report). State of Wisconsin. pp. 743, 757. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  31. ^ Theobald, H. Rupert; Barish, Lawrence S., eds. (1987). "Elections" (PDF). The state of Wisconsin 1987-1988 Blue Book (Report). Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau. p. 863. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  32. ^ Barish, Lawrence S.; Theobald, H. Rupert, eds. (1989). "Elections in Wisconsin" (PDF). State of Wisconsin 1989-1990 Blue Book (Report). Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau. p. 906. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  33. ^ Results of Fall Primary Election - 09/14/2004 (PDF) (Report). Wisconsin State Elections Board. November 10, 2004. p. 26. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  34. ^ Results of Fall General Election - 11/02/2004 (PDF) (Report). Wisconsin State Elections Board. December 1, 2004. p. 15. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  35. ^ Results of Fall General Election - 11/07/2006 (PDF) (Report). Wisconsin State Elections Board. December 5, 2006. p. 16. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  36. ^ Results of Fall General Election - 11/04/2008 (PDF) (Report). Wisconsin State Elections Board. November 25, 2008. p. 13. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  37. ^ Canvass Results for 2012 Partisan Primary - 8/14/2012 (PDF) (Report). Wisconsin Government Accountability Board. August 28, 2012. p. 19. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  38. ^ Canvass Results for 2012 Presidential and General Election - 11/6/2012 (PDF) (Report). Wisconsin Government Accountability Board. December 26, 2012. p. 11. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  39. ^ Canvass Results for 2014 General Election - 11/4/2014 (PDF) (Report). Wisconsin Government Accountability Board. November 26, 2014. p. 12. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
[edit]
Wisconsin State Assembly
Preceded by Member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from the Milwaukee 10th district
January 2, 1961 – January 7, 1963 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from the Milwaukee 10th district
January 4, 1965 – July 5, 1972 		District abolished
Preceded by Member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from the 12th district
January 3, 2005 – January 1, 2019 		Succeeded by
Legal offices
Preceded by
Christ T. Seraphim
 County Judge of Milwaukee County, Branch 4
July 5, 1972 – July 31, 1978 		Office abolished
New circuit Wisconsin Circuit Court Judge for the Milwaukee Circuit, Branch 23
August 1, 1978 – June 2, 1981 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Christ T. Seraphim
 Wisconsin Circuit Court Judge for the Milwaukee Circuit, Branch 11
August 1, 1986 – February 9, 1988 		Succeeded by
Dominic S. Amato
Retrieved from "https://wiki.eso.workers.dev/w/index.php?title=Fred_Kessler&oldid=1263461910"