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Future of the Indian Navy

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Naval Ensign of India
Indian Navy carrier battle group in formation, showing some of the latest additions to the fleet (2014)

The Indian Navy has been focusing on developing indigenous platforms, systems, sensors and weapons as part of the nation's modernisation and expansion of its maritime forces. As of November 2023, the Indian Navy had 67 vessels of various types under construction including destroyers, frigates, corvettes, conventional-powered and nuclear-powered submarines and various other ships.[1] It plans to build up to a total of 200 vessels and 500 aircraft by 2050. According to the Chief of the Naval Staff's statement in December 2020,[2] India has transformed from a buyer's navy to a builder's navy.[3]

As of September 2024, the Indian Navy has 66 ships on order of which 50 are under construction in various stages (early fabrication to sea trials) and 12 ships are to be delivered and commissioned over the 12 months in 2025. These ships sum up a tonnage of over 200,000 tons and a value of ₹1.1 lakh crore (US$13 billion). The ships are being constructed across 6 shipyards in India while 2 ships are under construction in Russia. The Russian-origin ships are the last warships to be imported for the Navy.[4][5] Navy plans to have between 155-160 warships by 2030 and between 175-200 warship navy by 2035.[6]

The increasing interest of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy in the Indian Ocean region[7] has led the Indian Navy to invest more in anti-submarine ships, such as the Kamorta-class corvette, long-range maritime reconnaissance aircraft such as the Boeing P-8 Poseidon and ships such as the Saryu-class patrol vessel[8] and unmanned aerial vehicles such as the IAI Heron-1.[9] However the lack of a strong submarine fleet has diminished its capabilities to some extent.[10] Post-Chinese intrusions into Ladakh in 2020, it has been announced that the Indian Navy plans to upgrade the military facilities in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands on the eastern seaboard as well as Lakshadweep on the western seaboard, with the aim of having a network of island airbases in both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal which provides an infrastructure which will guarantee freedom of navigation and overflight to all Indian territories.[11]

As for indigenisation the Indian Navy is following the "Roll-on Plan for 2023-26" while the progress is being monitored by Centre for Indigenisation & Self Reliance (CISR) at Coimbatore. The CISR has two Indigenisation Units (IUs) with one at Visakhapatnam, whose area of responsibility includes the Eastern Naval Command & Andaman and Nicobar Command and the other at Mumbai to supervise Western Naval Command. Three aspects are recognised for evaluating the indigenous content of a ship which includes Float (Hull and its related fittings and components), Move (Engines, Complete propulsions systems, etc.) and Fight (Sensor suites and Weapon systems) categories. As of October 2024, 90%, 60% and 50% of the respective categories have been indigenised. The Navy also plans to increase the indigenous content on already-commissioned frontline warships like INS Vikramaditya, Kalvari-class submarine, Talwar-class frigate and Deepak-class fleet tanker.[12]

Submarines

[edit]

  This indicates that a Request For Information (RFI) has currently been issued for this project. The issue of an RFI is not a commitment for procurement.

Nuclear Submarines

[edit]
Class Picture Type No. of Boats Origin Displacement

(Standard)

Status Note
Arihant class Ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) 5[13]  India 6000 tonnes for S2 & S3[14] 7,000 tonnes[15] for S4 & S4*[16] 2 In service, 2 launched,[17][18] 1 more planned
Second flight of 3 Arihant-class submarines with eight VLS of SLBMs as against four VLS on the earlier 2 submarines.[19] Due to development delays of S5-class, another submarine is planned under Arihant Class.[20]
S5 class Ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) 3  India 13,500 tonnes 3 Planned The SSBN project, budgeted at ₹10,000 crore (US$1.2 billion), is yet to be approved as of September 2024.[21][22][23]
Chakra III (Akula-class) INS Chakra Nuclear-powered attack submarine (SSN) 1  Russia 12,770–13,800 tons 1 Planned On 7 March 2019, India and Russia signed a $3 billion deal for the lease of another Akula-class submarine for 10 years. The submarine, dubbed Chakra III, is to be delivered to the Indian Navy by 2028.[24][25][26]
Project 77 Nuclear-powered attack submarine (SSN) 6  India 10,000 tonnes 2 Cleared

6 Planned

The Government of India had approved the construction of six such submarines in February 2015. These submarines will be designed by the Indian Navy's Warship Design Bureau and indigenously built in the Shipbuilding Centre at Visakhapatnam. The Cabinet Committee on Security cleared the construction of Batch 1 for 2 submarines.[27]

Conventional Submarines

[edit]
Class Picture Type No. of Boats Origin Displacement Status Note
Kalvari class Attack submarine 9  India

 France

1,800 tonnes 5 In service, 1 launched, 3 more Planned[28]

[29][30][31]

Follow on contract for 3 more submarines is expected to be signed soon.[32][33]
Project 75I class Attack submarine 6  India 3,000 – 4,000 tonnes 6 Planned Defence Acquisition Council cleared the purchase of six submarines worth ₹53,000 crore (equivalent to ₹850 billion or US$10 billion in 2023) in October 2014.[34] In April 2019, an Expression of Interest was issued for twelve stealth submarines capable of remaining underwater for much longer period and firing submarine-launched land-attack and anti-ship cruise missiles.[35] Field Evaluation Trials (FET) of competing submarine designs have been completed by Indian Navy in June 2024.[36][37][38]
Project-76 class Attack submarine 12  India Planned These are first class of conventional diesel-electric submarine to be fully designed and developed within India featuring AIPs. The design phase is expected to be completed by end-2024 and tenders are expected to be issued by defence ministry soon.[39][40][41]

Others

[edit]
Class Picture Type No. of Boats Origin Displacement Status Note
Swimmer Delivery Vehicle Midget submarine 5  India 150 tonnes 5 Planned Indian Navy will acquire at least 5 midget submarines for use as Swimmer Delivery Vehicles. These submarines will be used for conducting underwater special operations by MARCOS.[42] The project is worth ₹2,000 crore (equivalent to ₹32 billion or US$380 million in 2023).[43]
Extra Large Unmanned Underwater Vessel Unmanned underwater vehicle N/A  India >100 tonnes Ministry of Defence cleared ₹2,500 crore (US$300 million) project for development and procurement of XLUUVs under Make-1 category in September 2024. Shall be equipped with anti-submarine warfare capabilities. The vessels will be deployed for mine laying and mine clearing operations and surveillance roles.[44]

Ships

[edit]

  This indicates that the project a Request For Information (RFI) has currently been issued for this project. The issue of RFI is not a commitment for procurement.

Aircraft carriers

[edit]
Name Picture No. of Ships Origin Displacement Status Note
IAC-1 Class 2  India 45,000 tonnes 1 in service
1 Planned 		Indian Navy had been pushing for a 65,000 tonne carrier, but the demand has been put on hold due to expenses and technologies needed on board. So now Navy is considering another 45,000-tonne class carrier, same as INS Vikrant with more indigenous systems and better propulsions.
INS Vishal 1  India 65,000 - 75,000 tonnes[45] Planned[46] Estimated to be equipped with an Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) CATOBAR system. Will have significant changes and greater size compare to INS Vikrant.

Initially nuclear propulsion was planned, but this was later changed to an integrated electric propulsion system due to the complexities involved in developing a nuclear reactor with a capacity of 500 to 550 megawatts that would possibly take 15 to 20 years.[47][48]
Since the Indian navy has preferred the construction of the nuclear powered Project 75 Alpha and the conventionally powered Project 75I class submarines, INS Vishal will be seen as a replacement of the INS Vikramaditya.[49][50][51][52]

Amphibious warfare ships

[edit]
Class Picture Type No. of Ships Origin Displacement Status Note
Future Landing Platform Dock (LPD) Landing helicopter dock 4  India 30,000 to 40,000 tonnes 4 Planned Indian Navy has released RFI for 4 LPDs to be made by Indian shipyards. Integrated Full Electric Propulsion (IFEP) is expected. Ships will have 4×AK-630 with Electro Optical Fire control system, 8x Medium Machine Gun, 6×Heavy Machine Gun, Advanced towed decoy system, 16×SSM, 32×VL-SRSAM, 2×Heavy Lift Helicopters, 12×Special Ops Helicopters and 2×NSUAS etc.[53]
High Speed Landing Craft Landing Craft 6  India 285 tonnes 6 Planned In September 2017, Indian Navy issues a RFI to acquire six landing craft capable of supporting assault missions and transporting equipment, vehicles & troops.[54][55]

Destroyers

[edit]
Class Picture Type No. of Ships Origin Displacement Status Note
Visakhapatnam class Stealth guided missile destroyer 4  India 7,400 tonnes 3 in service
1 Sea trials[56] 		Follow on of the Kolkata-class destroyer with improved stealth features.[57][58][59]
Project 18 class Stealth guided missile destroyer 8-10  India 10,000 to 13,000 tonnes 8-10 Planned A planned class of 8-10 Project 18 class destroyers, as a follow-on of Visakhapatnam class.[60][61][62]

Frigates

[edit]
Class Picture Type No. of Ships Origin Displacement Status Note
Nilgiri class Stealth guided missile frigate 7  India 6,670 tonnes 6 Launched

1 Sea trials

Four ships will be constructed by Mazagon Dock while the remaining three by Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers.[63][64][65]
Talwar class INS Talwar Stealth guided missile frigate 10  Russia
 India 		4,035 tonnes 7 in service
1 Launched
2 Under construction

[66]

4 more ships were ordered. Two of Batch 3 from Russia's Yantar Shipyard and another two of Batch 4 from Goa Shipyard.[67][68][69] INS Tushil of Batch 3 commissioned.[66]
Project 17B class Stealth guided missile frigate 7-8  India 8,000 tonnes 7-8

Planned[70]

A deal for a class of around 7 Project 17B class frigates, as a follow-on of Nilgiri-class frigates, is expected to be cleared by MoD . The order is worth ₹70,000 crore (US$8.4 billion).[71][72][73]

Corvettes

[edit]
Class Picture Type No. of Ships Origin Displacement Status Note
Anti Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW SWC) Corvette

(ASW)

16  India 700–950 tonnes 12 Launched
4 Under construction[74]
 Designed for ASW roles in coastal waters.

Eight vessels each constructed by GRSE and Cochin Shipyard, to be delivered between 2022 and 2026.[75][76][77][78]

Next Generation Missile Vessels Corvette

(ASuW)

6  India 1,437 tonnes 1 Under Construction
5 on order 		The contract for acquisition of six Next Generation Missile Vessels (NGMV) was signed with Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) at a cost of Rs 9,805 crore. The delivery of ships is scheduled to commence from March 2027 .[79]
Next generation corvette(NGC)[80] Corvette 8  India 3,500 tonnes 8 Planned In 2016, the Ministry of Defence issued Request For Information (RFI) for seven next-generation Corvette under the "Buy Indian and Make Indian" category. Acceptance of necessity given by ministry of defence[80]

Fast attack crafts

[edit]
Class Picture Type No. of Ships Origin Displacement Status Note
New Water Jet Fast Attack Craft (NWJFAC) Fast Attack Craft 31  India Project approved Follow on water jet fast interceptor craft. Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) approved the procurement on 3 December 2024.[81][82][83]

Mine countermeasure vessels

[edit]
Class Picture Type No. of Ships Origin Displacement Status Note
Mine Counter Measure Vessels (MCMV) Minesweeper 12  India 2,800 Tons 12 Planned On 3 August 2023, the MoD released RFI for acquiring 12 minesweepers from Indian Shipyards.[84]

Multi Purpose Vessel

[edit]
Class Picture Type No. of Ships Origin Displacement Status Note
Samarthak-class Multi Purpose Vessel (MPV) 2  India 3,750 tonnes 1 Launched

1 Under construction

Ministry of Defence signed a contract with Larsen & Toubro for acquisition of Two Multi-Purpose Vessels (MPVs) for Indian Navy at cost of ₹887 crore (equivalent to ₹940 crore or US$110 million in 2023) on 25 March 2022. These vessels will be used for multi-role support functions such as maritime surveillance & patrol, launching/ recovery of torpedoes and operation of various types of aerial, surface and underwater targets for Gunnery/ ASW firing exercises.[85][86]
Navy's Multi Purpose Vessel Multi Purpose Vessel (MPV) 2  India 2 Planned [87]

Patrol vessels

[edit]
Class Picture Type No. of Ships Origin Displacement Status Note
NGOPV Offshore patrol vessel 11  India 2,500 tonnes 6 Under construction
5 on order [88][89][90] 		The contract for acquisition of 11 Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessels under Buy (Indian-IDDM) category was signed with Goa Shipyard Ltd (GSL) and Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE) at a total cost of Rs 9,781 crore. The delivery of the ships is scheduled to commence from September 2026.[79][90]

Replenishment ships

[edit]
Class Picture Type No. of Ships Origin Displacement Status Note
HSL class Fleet replenishment oiler 5  India 45,000 tonnes 2 Under construction
3 on order 		Approved in 2014.[91][92]
Contract signed in August 2023. All ships to be delivered between 2027[93] and 2031.[94]

Survey vessels

[edit]
Class Picture Type No. of Ships Origin Displacement Status Note
Sandhayak class Survey vessel 4  India 3,300 tonnes 2 in Service[95]
2 Launched 		In September 2017, GRSE won a bid for ₹2,500 crore (US$300 million).[96][97] Contract signed in October 2018.[98]
Next Generation survey Vessel Survey vessel 5  India Planned Acceptance of Necessity (AoN), worth ₹3,300 crore (US$400 million), cleared by the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) on 15 September 2023.[99][100]

Miscellaneous

[edit]
Class Picture Type No. of Ships Origin Displacement Status Note
Matangi Unmanned surface vehicle 12  India Trials Contract signed with Sagar Defence Engineering for armed autonomous boat swarms on 8 January 2023. Roles include high-speed interdiction; surveillance; constabulary operations; and Command, Control, Communications, Computers (C4) Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR).[101][102] Pre-delivery trials began in late October 2024 in Mumbai.[103] A Matangi started a sea transit from Mumbai to Tuticorin (1,500 km (810 nmi)) in Autonomous mode, using the indigenous 'navigation & collision avoidance software'.[104]
Nistar class
Diving support vessel 2  India 9,350 tonnes[105] 2 Launched In December 2017, Hindustan Shipyard won a bid to build two ships for ₹2,019 crore (US$240 million). Contract for the same was signed in September 2018. Keel laid for the first vessel in December 2019. Both the ships (Nistar & Nipun) have been launched on 22 September 2022.[106][107][108]
L&T-class Cadet Training Ship
Training vessel 3  India Unknown 3 Under construction Union Cabinet has accorded approval to sign a contract with Larsen & Toubro for acquisition of three Cadet Training Ships, at an overall cost of Rs 3,108.09 crore. The delivery of ships is scheduled to commence from 2026.[109] Keel of first ship laid on 9 February 2024.[110] Steel cutting ceremony of third ship on 20 April 2024.[111]
National Hospital Ship (NHS) Hospital Ship 1  India Unknown Planned One National Hospital Ship is proposed to be acquired. The anticipated delivery timelines for the first vessel is maximum of 48 months from the date of contract.[112]
Diving support craft (DSC) Diving support craft 5  India 300 tonnes 2 Launched
3 Under construction[113] 		A contract for five Diving Support Craft (DSC) has been signed by Indian Navy with M/s Titagarh Rail Systems Ltd, Kolkata on 12 Feb 21.[114]
FIC-1 Fast Interceptor Craft 120  India Project approved Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) approved the procurement on 3 December 2024. Among their many functions is the escort of high-value units, such as aircraft carriers, destroyers, frigates, and submarines for coastal defense.[81][82][83]
Tugboat Tugboat 4  India Under construction 10-tonne bollard pull tugs being constructed at Hindustan Shipyard[115][116]
3 1 in service
2 Delivered[117] 		25-tonne bollard pull tugs being constructed at Shoft Shipyard Pvt Ltd, Bharuch, Gujurat.[118]
Bhishm class 6 3 Launched
1 Under Construction 		25-tonne bollard pull tugs being constructed at Titagarh Rail Systems, Kolkata.[119]
IRS Class Barge ACTCM / MCA Barges 19  India 14 Delivered
5 Under construction[120]
 The contract for building 11 × Ammunition Cum Torpedo Cum Missile (ACTCM) Barge was signed between MoD and M/s Suryadipta Projects Pvt Ltd, Thane on 05 Mar 2021.[121][122] The contract for building 08 x Missile Cum Ammunition (MCA) Barge was signed between MoD and M/s SECON Engineering Projects Pvt Ltd, Visakhapatnam on 19 Feb 2021.[123] All barges are numbered with LSAM. The only difference is naming for the contract for M/s Suryadipta Projects Pvt Ltd, and M/s SECON Engineering Projects Pvt Ltd. Both ACTCM / MCA have same dimensions.

Aircraft

[edit]
See also: Indian Naval Air Arm § Future aircraft
Type Picture Role No. of airframes Origin Status Note
Twin Engine Deck Based Fighter (TEDBF) Carrier-based multirole fighter N/A  India Design Phase The first flight of the TEDBF is targeted for 2025–26 with the fighter expected to be inducted into the Navy by 2032.
Dassault Rafale 26  France Planned The acquisition is a part of the Multi-Role Carrier Borne Fighters programme to acquire 57 fighter jets. The Dassault Rafale-M was chosen over the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. Number was revised from 57 to 36 in mid-2020[124] and later to 26 by 2021-end. The deal shall be signed through the G2G process.[125] The Rafale-M was selected for procurement in 2023.[126] The Indian Navy aims to finalise the procurement of the Rafale-M by 2024-end.[127]
HAL HJT-36 Sitara
Intermediate trainer aircraft N/A  India Planned To replace HAL HJT-16 Kiran.[128]
Naval Shipborne Unmanned Aerial System (NSUAS) Unmanned Rotorcraft/Shipborne UAV 40 Planned Proposal to buy 10 NSUAS for around ₹ 1,300 crores cleared by the government in 2021.[129] RFI to purchase total of 40 units released in 2023.[130][131]
Multi Utility Long Endurance Drone (MULE) Under development Contract signed with Altair Infrasec for MULE RPA which will be a NSUAS class UAV.[132][133]

Primary Roles: C4, ISTAR, SIGNIT, COMINT and Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) operations for a Task Force.

Secondary Roles: Anti-piracy, Anti-terrorist activities and assistance in Search and Rescue (SAR).

Payloads: EO/IR, AIS, Maritime Patrol Radar, EW and communication relay with a capacity of >50 kg (110 lb).

Endurance: >12 hours.

IAI-HAL NRUAV  India Israel Planned [134]
MQ-9B SeaGuardian Unmanned combat aerial vehicle 2 in service (on lease)

15 more on order.[135]

 United States On order The final deal was signed on 15 October 2024.[135]
Dornier 228 Anti-submarine warfare, Maritime patrol 12  Germany
 India 		6 in service

6 on order

These aircraft will be equipped with advanced sensors, glass cockpit, advanced surveillance radar, ELINT, optical sensors and networking features.[136]
EADS C-295 Anti-submarine warfare/ Maritime patrol 9  European Union
 India 		Planned The Indian Navy issued an RFP for six medium-range maritime reconnaissance (MRMR) aircraft. The possible contenders were the ATR-72MP/ATR-42MP, the EADS C-295MPA/C-235MPA, the Dassault's Falcon 900MPA and the Embraer P-99A. The procurement number has been enhanced to 9 as per news reports in February 2012.[137]

The C-295 was eventually chosen. They will be equipped with advanced sensors, glass cockpit, advanced surveillance radar, ELINT, optical sensors and networking features.[138] Ministry of Defence has given clearance for procurement on 16 February 2024.[139][140]

Boeing P-8I Neptune Reconnaissance, ASW, ASuW

12 in serice

6 more planned

 United States More planned [141][142]
ShinMaywa US-2
STOL Amphibious Aircraft 12  Japan Planned Indian Navy intends to acquire 12 US-2 amphibian aircraft for conducting long-range search-and-rescue operations at cost of $1.65 billion. Two US-2 will be directly imported and remaining 10 will be assembled locally in India.[143] In April 2018, Mahindra Defence signed an MoU with ShinMaywa Industries Ltd. to manufacture and assemble the aircraft, and set up MRO facility in India.[144][145]
Sikorsky MH-60R Romeo Multi-Role Helicopter 24  United States 5 delivered[146]

19 on order[146]

The helicopters will replace the ageing Sea King helicopters. They are equipped with Mark 54 torpedoes and Hellfire air-to-surface missiles, along with precision-kill rockets. India signed a ₹15,157 crore (equivalent to ₹180 billion or US$2.1 billion in 2023) contract for the MH-60Rs in February 2020.[147]
Naval Multi-Role Helicopter Multi-Role Helicopter 60  India Under development Deck Based Multi Role Helicopter being developed to replace Sea King and augment MH-60R.[148]
Naval Multi-Role Helicopter Multi-Role Helicopter 123  India Planned Requirement issued to HAL[149]
HAL Utility Helicopter-Marine Utility helicopter 111  India Under development To replace HAL Chetak helicopters.[149]
Boeing V-22 Osprey
Tiltrotor military transport aircraft N/A  United States Planned V-22's airborne early warning and control variant may replace the short-range Kamov Ka-31.[150][151]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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