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Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula

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Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula
Part of the Arab–Israeli conflict, the Suez Crisis, and the Six-Day War
Territories occupied by Israel during the Six-Day War, 1967
Date29 October 1956 – 7 March 1957 (first occupation)
5 June 1967 – 25 April 1982 (second occupation)
LocationSinai Peninsula, Egypt
MotiveThwarting the Egyptian-led blockade of Israel (1949–1967)
OutcomeEgypt–Israel peace treaty
Verdict

The Sinai Peninsula, which is a part of Egypt, has been militarily occupied by Israel twice since the beginning of the Arab–Israeli conflict: the first occupation lasted from October 1956 to March 1957, and the second occupation lasted from June 1967 to April 1982.

Israel initially seized the Sinai Peninsula during the Suez Crisis, when it attacked Egypt in response to the Egyptian blockade against all Israeli shipping; the Egyptians had been contesting Israel's freedom of navigation through the Straits of Tiran and the Suez Canal since 1949, impacting the country's ability to import and export goods during the Israeli austerity period. Although the occupation allowed Israel to re-open the Straits of Tiran, the Suez Canal was closed until 1957, when Israeli troops withdrew from Egypt.

In the mid-1960s, amidst warnings from Israeli officials that another blockade would be a casus belli, Egypt re-imposed the blockade against Israel and subsequently lost the Sinai Peninsula in the 1967 Arab–Israeli War. Like before, Israel's occupation allowed it to re-open the Straits of Tiran, but, once again, the Suez Canal was closed until 1975. For the next three years, Egypt, seeking to regain the territory it had lost, launched the unsuccessful War of Attrition against Israel. Later, a large-scale Egyptian military offensive against Israel, known as Operation Badr, triggered the 1973 Arab–Israeli War, which ended with the Egypt holding most of the east bank of the Suez. By 1979, the United States had successfully negotiated the Egypt–Israel peace treaty: the Egyptians recognized Israel as a sovereign state, recognized the Straits of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba as international waterways, and agreed to demilitarize along Israel's border. In exchange, Israel agreed to withdraw all civilians and soldiers from the Sinai Peninsula and return it to Egypt. On 25 April 1982, Israel's withdrawal concluded and Egypt has since left the Sinai Peninsula demilitarized, marking the first instance of peace between Israel and an Arab country.[1]

Between 1967 and 1982, a total of 18 Israeli settlements were constructed throughout the Sinai Peninsula, primarily along the Gulf of Aqaba and in the areas to the south of the formerly Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip. Additionally, Israel dismantled two bases of the Israeli Air Force, one base of the Israeli Navy, and a number of other government/military installations, including most Israeli-controlled oil resources.

Background

Suez Crisis (1956)

Israeli forces first seized the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula during the Suez Crisis of October–November 1956. Under heavy international pressure, Israeli forces withdrew in March 1957, after heavily mapping the territory and placing secret supply caches in preparation for the next war. As part of the conditions for the Israeli withdrawal, the Sinai Peninsula was demilitarized and the UNEF peacekeeping force was established there to police the border between Israel and Egypt.

Six-Day War through Israeli withdrawal (1967–1982)

In May 1967, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser ordered the withdrawal of this force and moved Egypt's own troops into the area. Israel, believing war to be imminent, ultimately launched a preemptive strike against Egypt, beginning the Six-Day War. Within three days, Israel had occupied most of the Sinai Peninsula.

Following the Israeli capture and occupation of the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt launched the War of Attrition (1967–1970) aimed at forcing Israel to withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula. The war saw protracted conflict in the Suez Canal Zone, ranging from limited to large scale combat. Israeli shelling of the cities of Port Said, Ismailia, and Suez on the west bank of the canal, led to high civilian casualties (including the virtual destruction of Suez), and contributed to the flight of 700,000[2] Egyptian internal refugees. Ultimately, the war concluded in 1970 with no change in the front line.[3] On 6 October 1973, Egypt commenced Operation Badr to retake the Sinai Peninsula, while Syria launched a simultaneous operation to retake the Golan Heights, thereby beginning the Yom Kippur War (known in Egypt and much of Europe as the October War). The canal was reopened in 1975, with President Sadat leading the first convoy through the canal aboard an Egyptian destroyer. In 1979, Egypt and Israel signed a peace treaty in which Israel agreed to withdraw from the entirety of the Sinai Peninsula. Israel subsequently withdrew in several stages, ending on 26 April 1982.[4]

Israeli settlements

Israeli authorities evacuating Yamit by force, April 1982

Israeli settlements in the Sinai Peninsula were split into two regions: one along the Mediterranean coast, and another along the Gulf of Aqaba.[5] Israel had plans to expand the settlement of Yamit into a city of up to 200,000 residents.[6] The actual population of Yamit never exceeded 3,000.[7] The settlements in the Yamit region were demolished by Israel prior to the withdrawal, but the settlements on the gulf: Ofira (Sharm El Sheikh), Di Zahav (Dahab), and Neviot (Nuweiba) remained intact, and were further developed by Egypt after the withdrawal.

Yamit

Gulf of Aqaba

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Brief occupation in 1956. Second Israeli occupation from 1967 until 1982, but Israel retained control of Taba until 1989.

References

  1. ^ "Upon completion of the interim withdrawal provided for in Annex I, the parties will establish normal and friendly relations, in accordance with Article III (3)." Frank Thompson (1978). Jimmy Carter. US Government Printing Office. p. 496. ISBN 0-16-058935-5.
  2. ^ Spencer, Tucker. Encyclopedia or the Arab-Israeli Conflict. p. 175.
  3. ^ "War of Attrition". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  4. ^ Shipler, David K. (1982-04-26). "Israeli Completes Pullout, Leaving Sinai to Egypt". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
  5. ^ Middle East Research and Information Project (MERIP) (1977) MERIP Reports 60, p. 20
  6. ^ The Arab–Israeli Dilemma (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East), Syracuse University Press; 3rd edition (August, 1985 ISBN 0-8156-2340-2
  7. ^ Kintera.org—The Giving Communities Archived 2006-03-01 at the Wayback Machine. Theisraelproject.org. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.
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