Nanjing Massacre Memorial Day
| Nanjing Massacre Memorial Day | |
|---|---|
 The Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall pictured in 2017 with signs for Nanjing Massacre Memorial Day | |
| Official name | National Memorial Day for the Victims of the Nanjing Massacre (南京大屠杀死难者国家公祭日) |
| Observed by | China |
| Date | 13 December |
| Frequency | annual |
| First time | 13 December 2014 |
| This article is part of the series on the |
| Nanjing Massacre |
|---|
| Japanese war crimes |
| Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre |
| Films |
| Books |
The National Memorial Day for the Victims of the Nanjing Massacre[note 1] is a national memorial day observed in China on 13 December annually in honor of the Chinese victims of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The observance draws attention to Japanese war crimes during this period.[1] It was established in 2014 by the Standing Committee of the 12th National People's Congress.[1]
Although the memorial day is named after the Nanjing Massacre, its honorees are not limited to victims of that massacre. Instead the day is to commemorate all who were killed during the era of the Second Sino-Japanese War, including victims of the Nanjing Massacre, victims of chemical weapons, victims of biological warfare, victims of forced labor, comfort women, victims of the Three Alls policy, and victims of indiscriminate bombing.[2]
Background
[edit]
Starting on 13 December 1937, soldiers in the Imperial Japanese Army carried out the Nanjing Massacre in Nanjing, the capital of the Republic of China. The massacre lasted into January 1938 and killed numerous people (hundreds to hundreds of thousands according to Japanese publications, or over 300,000 according to most Chinese historians).[3][note 2] This constituted a crime under international law, for which the perpetrators were tried in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal after World War II.[1][4]
In the 1990s, overseas Chinese such as Lin Boyao, Lin Tongchun, Chen Xianzhong, Shao Ziping and others suggested that Chinese leaders participate in the annual Nanjing local public ceremonies. A group of experts and scholars from the Second Historical Archives of China, Jiangsu Academy of Social Sciences, Nanjing University, and Nanjing Normal University also proposed to raise the level of commemorative activities to show respect for the lives of the victims and responsibility for history. Writer Haixiao, former chairman of the Jiangsu Provincial Writers' Association, suggested that December 13 be designated as the "Nanjing People's Day of Mourning for Compatriots in Distress and Not Forgetting National Enmity and Family Hatred".[5] Beginning in 1996, each year on 13 December, the Nanjing air defense office would test air raid sirens throughout the city, to remind people not to forget China's national humiliation and to strengthen Nanjing residents' feeling towards national defense and their awareness of air defense.[6]
In 2004, Zhao Long, then deputy director of the Standing Committee of the Jiangsu Provincial People's Congress, visited the Memorial Hall for Compatriots in Distress and had the idea of proposing the establishment of a National Public Sacrifice Day at a Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) meeting. It was also suggested that December 13 of each year should be legally fixed as the National Public Ceremony Day and public ceremonies should be held in the presence of national leaders. The proposal was co-signed by 49 members and widely reported by the media. Zhao Long was the first member of the CPPCC to propose that December 13 be established as the National Public Offering Day.[7][8]
In 2012, Takashi Kawamura, the mayor of Nagoya, Japan, made remarks denying the Nanjing Massacre. In the same year, the Japanese government announced the intention to purchase Diaoyu Islands, and in March 2012, at the Fifth Session of the Eleventh National Committee of the CPPCC, Zhao Long, as a member of the Standing Committee of the CPPCC and the Chairman of the Jiangsu Committee of the China National Democratic Construction Association, once again submitted a motion on the Nanjing Massacre. At the same time, during the Fifth Session of the Eleventh National People's Congress, Zou Jianping, President of the Nanjing Arts Institute, put forward three proposals: "building a memorial garden for the victory in the war", "criminalizing Nanjing Massacre denial" and "holding a national public memorial service on the day of sacrifice of compatriots killed in the Nanjing Massacre".[9][10]
In December 2013, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe visited the Yasukuni Shrine, triggering opposition from people in China and South Korea, and Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Qin Gang said that Abe "should go to the Memorial Hall for the Victims of the Nanjing Massacre of the Japanese Army".[11] After that, Xinhua News Agency reporters Cai Yugao and Jiang Fang came to the Memorial Hall several times to interview the victims, and based on this, they wrote an "internal reference", which attracted the attention of the central leadership.[12]
Legislative Process
[edit]Drafting
[edit]On the eve of the Spring Festival on January 22, 2014, the State Law Office of the Legislative Affairs Commission of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC) received a legislative task to draft a decision on the establishment of a national memorial day for the Nanjing Massacre. On January 26, the Director of the Third Division of the State Law Office, Wang Shuguang, called the Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders, requesting the latter to provide two 3,000-word written materials. On the same day, the Memorial Hall prepared two textual materials, "Explanation on the History of the Nanjing Massacre" and "Brief Introduction to the Activities Organized by Jiangsu Province and Nanjing Municipality over the Years to Commemorate the Compatriots Victims of the Nanjing Massacre". These materials became the initial material for the National Public Sacrifice Act.[13]
Wang Shuguang and his colleagues formed two drafts of the Decisions. On the afternoon of February 4, 2014, the Zheng Shuna, deputy director of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Standing Committee on Legal Affairs, Guo Linmao, inspector of the State Law Office, Wang Shuguang, director of the Third Division of the State Law Office, Zhang Jing, a cadre of the State Law Office, and the five staff members of the Memorial Hall for the Victims of the Massacre (including the director Zhu Chengshan) convened a symposium in the Memorial Hall. On February 5, the Memorial Hall helped the National People's Congress to organize and revise the "Explanation on the History of the Nanjing Massacre". In the 36 days from January 22 to February 27, the State Law Office drafted a total of 10 reports to the Central Committee and the Standing Committee, 7 legal documents for the Standing Committee's consideration, and 3 publicity programs and outlines; it also compiled and prepared 14 briefings and 12 references of various kinds; the written materials amounted to 41 pieces of material. After consultation with experts and thematic debates, the draft bills were submitted to the Standing Committee of the Twelfth National People's Congress for a vote at its seventh session.[14]
Deliberations
[edit]On the afternoon of February 25, 2014, the seventh meeting of the Standing Committee of the 12th National People's Congress (NPC) opened at the Great Hall of the People, with Chairman Zhang Dejiang presiding over the meeting. The meeting considered the draft decision of the NPC Standing Committee on the determination of the Memorial Day for the Victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the draft decision of the NPC Standing Committee on the establishment of a national public mourning day for the victims of the Nanjing Massacre.[15] Li Shishi, head of the Legal Affairs Commission of the NPC Standing Committee, made a presentation on the two draft decisions to the meeting.[16] The draft decision establishes December 13 as a national public memorial day for the victims of the Nanjing Massacre."[17]
On February 25, the seventh meeting of the Standing Committee held a group meeting to consider the two draft decisions. Participants were fully in favor of the explanations and draft decisions of the two bills, and unanimously recommended that the draft decisions be referred to this meeting of the Standing Committee for deliberation and adoption.[18][non-primary source needed]
On the afternoon of February 27, the 19th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 12th National People's Congress was held, and heard a report from Qiao Xiaoyang, the Chairman of the Legal Committee, on the deliberations on the drafts of the "two decisions" proposed for voting. On the same day, the 7th meeting of the Standing Committee voted the adopted decision of the Standing Committee on determining the anniversary of the Victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, as well as the establishment of Nanjing Massacre Memorial Day. The "two decisions" were unanimously adopted by the 165 people attending the Standing Committee meeting, a rare occurrence in Standing Committee voting matters.[19][20][21]
National Observance
[edit]First national observance (2014)
[edit]On 27 February 2014, the Standing Committee of the 12th National People's Congress voted at their seventh meeting to pass the "Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Regarding the Establishment of a National Memorial Day for the Nanjing Massacre Victims" (全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于设立南京大屠杀死难者国家公祭日的决定), establishing Nanjing Massacre Memorial Day as the 13th of December annually.[1]
The first national observance of Nanjing Massacre Memorial Day was on 13 December 2014. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the State Council, the National Committee of the CPPCC, and the Central Military Commission held the "Nanjing Massacre Memorial Day ceremony" at the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall in Nanjing. According to state media, an estimated 10,000 people were at the ceremony.[22] Throughout the city, people honked car horns to honor the victims. The ceremony was led by Politburo Standing Committee member and NPC Standing Committee chair Zhang Dejiang. Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping, Nanjing Massacre survivor Xia Shuqin (夏淑琴), and Young Pioneer Ruan Zeyu (阮泽宇, a descendant of Nanjing Massacre victims) unveiled the National Memorial Tripod (dǐng, 国家公祭鼎), and Xi gave a speech.[23][24][25][26] He called for friendly relations between China and Japan despite the painful history being commemorated, saying, "We should not bear hatred against an entire nation just because a small minority of militarists launched aggressive wars."[22] This speech has become an important text in Xi Jinping Thought.[26]
On the same day, the government of Hong Kong held a memorial ceremony at the Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence. Hong Kong Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying attended the ceremony and gave a wreath as an offering.[27] The government of Macau held a memorial event at the College of Macao Security Forces. Macao Liaison Office director Li Gang, Macau chief executive Fernando Chui, CPPCC vice chair Edmund Ho, special commissioner at the Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Macao Special Administrative Region Hu Zhengyue, and Macao Garrison commander Wang Wen (王文) presented wreaths.[28] Other commemorative events were held in other parts of China.[29][30]
Continued observance
[edit]Nanjing Massacre Memorial Day has been observed annually since 2014, with ceremonies at the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall. The ceremony begins with the Chinese national anthem.[26] Sirens go off at 10:01 a.m. CST, and drivers stop and honk their horns. The Chinese flag is flown at half-mast, ceremony attendees wear dark clothing with white flowers, and white doves are released to represent peace.[22][31][32] Sixteen soldiers leave eight wreaths of chrysanthemums, a traditional flower for mourning. The ceremony also includes a speech from a Politburo leader and the reading of a "Peace Declaration".[26]
The observance is accompanied by extensive coverage in Chinese state media and is attended by Communist Party officials as well as by elderly survivors of the massacre. Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping attended the 2017 ceremony in addition to the inaugural 2014 event.[26]
See also
[edit]
Explanatory notes
[edit]- ^ Simplified Chinese: 南京大屠杀死难者国家公祭日; traditional Chinese: 南京大屠殺死難者國家公祭日; pinyin: Nánjīng Dàtúshā Sǐnànzhě Guójiā Gōngjì Rì. Also known in English as Nanjing Massacre Memorial Day or Nanjing Massacre National Memorial Day and in Chinese simply as National Memorial Day (simplified Chinese: 国家公祭日; traditional Chinese: 國家公祭日; pinyin: Guójiā Gōngjì Rì).
- ^ See Death toll of the Nanjing Massacre for discussion.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d "中国设立12月13日为南京大屠杀死难者国家公祭日". China News Service (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
- ^ "习近平出席南京大屠杀死难者国家公祭仪式". Caixin. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
- ^ Yang, Daqing (27 August 2020). "Nanjing Massacre". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.147. ISBN 978-0-19-027772-7. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
- ^ "南京大屠杀死难者国家公祭日为何选在12月13日？ - 国内". The Beijing News (in Chinese). 25 February 2014. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
- ^ 国族记忆：1937年南京陷落的文学书写 (in Chinese). 南京大学出版社. 2018. p. 336. ISBN 978-7-305-19962-2. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ "警报10点整响起". Yangtse Evening Post (in Chinese). 13 December 2013. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
- ^ "赵龙谈首倡设立南京大屠杀死难者国家公祭日："三个动因促使我做这件事"-中新网". 中国新闻网_梳理天下新闻 (in Chinese). 7 December 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ "第十个国家公祭日，他们有话要说…". Youth (in Chinese). 13 December 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ "代表建议将南京大屠杀纪念日定为国家公祭日". 新闻中心首页_新浪网 (in Chinese). 11 March 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
- ^ "Nanking massacre memorial day should be international event, says NPC delegate". South China Morning Post. 26 February 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
- ^ "中方：若安倍真怀有敬意应去侵华日军南京大屠杀遇难同胞纪念馆". 中国新闻网_梳理天下新闻 (in Chinese). 26 December 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
- ^ 镇版报道的气质养成：新闻通讯采写实践与感悟 (in Chinese). 新华出版社. 2018. p. 83. ISBN 978-7-5166-4167-5. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
- ^ 国家公祭: 解读南京大屠杀死难者国家公祭日资料集. 国家公祭日系列丛书 (in Chinese). 南京出版社. 2014. ISBN 978-7-5533-0572-1. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
- ^ "全国人大法工委王曙光：执着追求 默默奉献的"立法人"". People's Daily (in Chinese). 17 September 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
- ^ "我国将以立法形式确定中国人民抗日战争胜利纪念日". People's Daily (in Chinese). 25 February 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
- ^ "我国拟将12月13日设为南京大屠杀国家公祭日". 第一财经_专业创造价值. Shanghai Media Group. 26 February 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
- ^ "十二届全国人大常委会第七次会议在北京举行". People's Daily (in Chinese). 25 February 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
- ^ "十二届全国人大常委会第七次会议举行分组会议". 中国政府网_中央人民政府门户网站 (in Chinese). Retrieved 21 May 2024.
- ^ "十二届全国人大常委会第七次会议在京闭幕 张德江主持_中国人大网". National People's Congress (in Chinese). 28 February 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
- ^ Tiezzi, Shannon (13 December 2014). "China's Nanjing Massacre Publicity Push". The Diplomat. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
- ^ "Lest they forget". The Economist. 11 December 2014. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
- ^ a b c "China holds first Nanjing Massacre memorial day". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
- ^ "习近平与南京大屠杀幸存者代表为国家公祭鼎揭幕". China National Radio (in Chinese). 13 December 2014. Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
- ^ "习近平：否认历史罪责意味着重犯". Phoenix Television (in Chinese). 13 December 2014. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
- ^ "全球高度關注南京公祭日 日媒無一報道". Wen Wei Po (in Chinese). 13 December 2014. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
- ^ a b c d e Xie, Kailing (1 December 2021). "The affective life of the Nanjing Massacre: Reactivating historical trauma in governing contemporary China". HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory. 11 (3): 1000–1015. doi:10.1086/717688. ISSN 2575-1433. S2CID 246444993. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
- ^ "香港特区政府举行南京大屠杀国家公祭日纪念仪式" (in Chinese). NetEase. 13 December 2014. Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
- ^ "澳门举行南京大屠杀国家公祭日纪念仪式_新闻_". 腾讯网. 13 December 2014. Archived from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
- ^ "中国网站集体纪念国家公祭日". China News Service (in Chinese). 12 December 2014. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
- ^ "北京市京源学校举行国家公祭日主题活动". China Daily (in Chinese). 12 December 2014. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
- ^ "China holds state commemoration for Nanjing Massacre victims - Xinhua". Xinhua. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
- ^ "China holds national memorial ceremony for Nanjing Massacre victims". Nanjing. Xinhua News Agency. 13 December 2021. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
External links
[edit]- Official website (in Chinese)