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United front (China)

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For other uses, see United Front (disambiguation) § China.

United Front
Simplified Chinese统一战线
Traditional Chinese統一戰綫
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinTǒngyī Zhànxiàn
Socialist United Front
Simplified Chinese社会主义统一战线
Traditional Chinese社會主義統一戰綫
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinShèhuìzhǔyì Tǒngyī Zhànxiàn
Patriotic United Front
Simplified Chinese爱国(主义)统一战线
Traditional Chinese愛國(主義)統一戰綫
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinAiguó(zhǔyì) Tǒngyī Zhànxiàn
People's Democratic United Front
(1945–1966)
Simplified Chinese人民民主统一战线
Traditional Chinese人民民主統一戰綫
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinRénmín Mínzhǔ Tǒngyī Zhànxiàn
Revolutionary United Front
(1966–1978)
Simplified Chinese革命统一战线
Traditional Chinese革命統一戰綫
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinGémìng Tǒngyī Zhànxiàn
Politics of China
Leadership
Leadership generations
Succession of power
Party and state leaders
Orders of precedence
Related systems
Communist Party
History
National People's Congress (14th)
State representative
Executive organ
Military organ
Supervisory organ
Judicial organs
United front
Historical parties:
Propaganda
Cross-Strait relations
Foreign relations
Related topics
flag China portal

The united front[a] is a political strategy of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) involving networks of groups and key individuals that are influenced or controlled by the CCP and used to advance its interests. It has historically been a popular front that has included eight legally permitted political parties and people's organizations which have nominal representation in the National People's Congress and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).[3] Under CCP general secretary Xi Jinping, the united front and its targets of influence have expanded in size and scope.[4][5][6]

United front organizations are managed primarily by the United Front Work Department (UFWD), but the united front strategy is not limited solely to the UFWD. All CCP cadres are required to engage in "united front work".[7] CPPCC is considered to be the highest-ranking united front organization, being central to the system. Outside of China, the strategy involves numerous front organizations, which tend to obfuscate or downplay any association with the CCP.[8][9][10]

History

[edit]
Further information: First United Front and Second United Front

The CCP organized the "National Revolution United Front" (simplified Chinese: 国民革命统一战线; traditional Chinese: 國民革命統一戰綫; pinyin: Guómín gémìng tǒngyī zhànxiàn) with the Kuomintang (KMT) during the Northern Expedition of 1926–1928 and then the "Workers' and Peasants' Democratic United Front" (simplified Chinese: 工农民主统一战线; traditional Chinese: 工農民主統一戰綫; pinyin: Gōngnóng mínzhǔ tǒngyī zhànxiàn) in the Chinese Soviet Republic era of 1931–1937. Mao Zedong originally promoted the "Anti-Japanese National United Front" (simplified Chinese: 抗日民族统一战线; traditional Chinese: 抗日民族統一戰綫; pinyin: Kàngrì mínzú tǒngyī zhànxiàn).[citation needed]

In late 1935, the Communist International (Comintern) instructed the CCP to establish the broadest possible anti-fascist united front.[11]: 15  At a meeting in December 1935, the CCP Politburo resolved to reach understanding, seek compromise, and establish relations with all nations, parties, and individuals who opposed imperial Japan.[11]: 15 

The united front "assumed its current form" in 1946,[12] three years before the CCP defeated the KMT's Nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek. Mao credited the united front as one of his "Three Magic Weapons" against the KMT—alongside the Leninist Chinese Communist Party and the Red Army—and credited the Front with playing a part in the Chinese Communist Revolution.[12]

During Xi Jinping's second term, the State Administration for Religious Affairs, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, and Overseas Chinese Affairs Office were reorganized under the UFWD as part of Xi's consolidation of many state powers under the CCP.[13]

Organs

[edit]

The two organs historically affiliated with the united front are the United Front Work Department and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). According to Yi-Zheng Lian, the organs "are often poorly understood outside China because there are no equivalents for them in the West".[12] Inside China, leaders of formal united front organizations are selected by the CCP, or are themselves CCP members.[14] In practice, united front member parties and allied people's organizations are subservient to the CCP, and must accept the CCP's "leading role" as a condition of their continued existence.[7]

United Front Work Department

[edit]
Main article: United Front Work Department
Entrance to UFWD headquarters in Beijing

The United Front Work Department is headed by the chief of the secretariat of the CCP's Central Committee. It oversees front organizations and their affiliates in multiple countries such as the Chinese Students and Scholars Association,[15][16] which ostensibly helps Chinese students and academics studying or residing in the West, enjoining them to conduct "people-to-people diplomacy" on behalf of the People's Republic of China.[12]

Activities

[edit]
Further information: Political warfare and Transnational repression by China

The united front is a political strategy that the CCP has used to influence beyond its immediate circles while downplaying direct associations with the CCP.[17][7][18] In theory, the united front existed to give front organizations and non-Communist forces a platform in society.[19] Historically, the CCP co-opted and re-purposed non-Communist organizations to become part of the united front through tactics of entryism.[20] However, scholars describe the contemporary united front as a complex network of organizations that engage in various types of surveillance and political warfare for the CCP.[21][22][23] Scholar Jichang Lulu noted that united front organizations abroad "re-purpose democratic governance structures to serve as tools of extraterritorial influence".[24] Scholar Martin Thorley states that the united front's "main purposes are to neutralize threats to the party and ensure desirable scenarios for the party".[25] Additionally, many non-governmental organizations in China or connected to China have been described as government-organized non-governmental organization (GONGOs) that are organized under the CCP's united front system.[21][26]

According to a 2018 report by the United States–China Economic and Security Review Commission, "United Front work serves to promote Beijing's preferred global narrative, pressure individuals living in free and open societies to self-censor and avoid discussing issues unfavorable to the CCP, and harass or undermine groups critical of Beijing's policies."[15] According to scholar Anne-Marie Brady, "united front work is a task of all CCP agencies (some more than others) as well as a basic task of every CCP member."[27] Nearly all Chinese embassies include staff that are formally tasked with united front work.[28] Embassies and consulates also maintain networks of "consular volunteers" that engage in united front work.[29]

Scholar Jeffrey Stoff also argues that the CCP's "influence apparatus intersects with or directly supports its global technology transfer apparatus."[30][31] In 2019, the united front's aggregate budget across multiple institutions was estimated at over $2.6 billion, which was larger than the Chinese Foreign Ministry's budget.[32]

According to the Taiwanese Mainland Affairs Council, the united front uses internet celebrities to carry out infiltration campaigns on social media.[33] United front groups have also been linked to organized crime in several countries.[34][35]

Starting in January 2020, united front-linked organizations in Canada and other countries were activated to purchase, stockpile, and export personal protective equipment in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China.[36][37] In September 2020, the CCP announced that it would strengthen united front work in the private sector by establishing more party committees in regional federations of industry and commerce (FIC), and by arranging a special liaison between FICs and the CCP.[38]

Overseas Chinese hometown associations are often cultivated for united front work.[39][40] During the APEC United States 2023 summit in San Francisco, united front groups, including hometown associations, coordinated with Chinese embassy officials to instigate violence against Tibetan, Uyghur, and Chinese dissident protesters.[41]

Relationship with intelligence agencies

[edit]
See also: Chinese intelligence activity abroad and Ministry of State Security (China)

In 1939, Zhou Enlai espoused "nestling intelligence within the united front" while also "using the united front to push forth intelligence".[42] According to Australian analyst Alex Joske, "the united front system provides networks, cover and institutions that intelligence agencies use for their own purposes". Joske added that "united front networks are a golden opportunity for Party's spies because they represent groups of Party-aligned individuals who are relatively receptive to clandestine recruitment."[42] Peter Mattis, head of the Jamestown Foundation, stated, "United front groups are used – very specifically – to hide the Ministry of State Security".[43] According to French journalist Roger Faligot, the aftermath of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre led to the "growing use of party organizations, such as the United Front Work Department and friendship associations, as fronts for intelligence operations."[44]

Organizations affiliated with the united front

[edit]
Further information: List of political parties in China and People's organization

In 2020, Newsweek identified nearly 600 united front organizations in the United States[45] and 384 in the United Kingdom as of 2023.[25]

Organizations managed by or affiliated with the United Front Work Department

[edit]

Other united front organizations

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
Library resources about
United front (China)
  1. ^ Formerly known as the People's Democratic United Front (1945–1966)[1] and the Revolutionary United Front (1966–1978).[2]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ 1954 Constitution, http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2000-12/26/content_4264.htm Archived 16 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ 1975 Constitution: http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2000-12/06/content_4362.htm Archived 5 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine ; 1978 Constitution: http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2000-12/06/content_4365.htm Archived 29 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ "The United Front in Communist China" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. May 1957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  4. ^ Groot, Gerry (19 September 2016), Davies, Gloria; Goldkorn, Jeremy; Tomba, Luigi (eds.), "The Expansion of the United Front Under Xi Jinping" (PDF), The China Story Yearbook 2015: Pollution (1st ed.), ANU Press, doi:10.22459/csy.09.2016.04a, ISBN 978-1-76046-068-6, archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2017, retrieved 31 August 2020
  5. ^ Joske, Alex (9 June 2020). "The party speaks for you: Foreign interference and the Chinese Communist Party's united front system". Australian Strategic Policy Institute. JSTOR resrep25132. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  6. ^ Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (12 July 2019). "The Chinese Influence Effort Hiding in Plain Sight". The Atlantic. ISSN 1072-7825. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  7. ^ a b c Brady, Anne-Marie (2017). "Magic Weapons: China's political influence activities under Xi Jinping" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. S2CID 197812164. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  8. ^ Joske, Alex (22 July 2019). "The Central United Front Work Leading Small Group: Institutionalising united front work". Sinopsis. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  9. ^ Hamilton, Clive; Ohlberg, Mareike (2020). Hidden Hand: Exposing How the Chinese Communist Party Is Reshaping the World. New York: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78607-784-4. OCLC 1150166864.
  10. ^ Yoshihara, Toshi; Bianchi, Jack (1 July 2020). "Uncovering China's Influence in Europe: How Friendship Groups Coopt European Elites". Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  11. ^ a b Li, Hongshan (2024). Fighting on the Cultural Front: U.S.-China Relations in the Cold War. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/li--20704. ISBN 9780231207058. JSTOR 10.7312/li--20704.
  12. ^ a b c d Lian, Yi-Zheng (21 May 2018). "China Has a Vast Influence Machine, and You Don't Even Know It". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 May 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  13. ^ Shirk, Susan L. (18 October 2022). Overreach: How China Derailed Its Peaceful Rise (1 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 220. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190068516.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-006851-6.
  14. ^ Suli, Zhu (2009), Balme, Stéphanie; Dowdle, Michael W. (eds.), ""Judicial Politics" as State-Building", Building Constitutionalism in China, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 23–36, doi:10.1057/9780230623958_2, ISBN 978-1-349-36978-2
  15. ^ a b Bowe, Alexander (24 August 2018). "China's Overseas United Front Work: Background and Implications for the United States" (PDF). United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  16. ^ Thorley, Martin (5 July 2019). "Huawei, the CSSA and beyond: "Latent networks" and Party influence within Chinese institutions". Asia Dialogue. University of Nottingham. Archived from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  17. ^ Groot, Gerry (24 September 2019). "The CCP's Grand United Front abroad". Sinopsis. Archived from the original on 3 November 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  18. ^ Slyke, Lyman P. Van (1967). Enemies and Friends: The United Front in Chinese Communist History. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0618-6. LCCN 67026531. OCLC 1148955311. OL 5547801M.
  19. ^ Clarke, Donald C. (15 November 2009). "New Approaches to the Study of Political Order in China". Modern China. 36 (1): 87–99. doi:10.1177/0097700409347982. ISSN 0097-7004. S2CID 30237200.
  20. ^ Leung, Edwin Pak-wah (16 October 2002). Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Civil War. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6609-6. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  21. ^ a b Fedasiuk, Ryan (13 April 2022). "How China's united front system works overseas". The Strategist. Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  22. ^ deLisle, Jacques (2020). "Foreign Policy through Other Means: Hard Power, Soft Power, and China's Turn to Political Warfare to Influence the United States". Orbis. 64 (2): 174–206. doi:10.1016/j.orbis.2020.02.004. PMC 7102532. PMID 32292215.
  23. ^ Yoshihara, Toshi (2020). "Evaluating the Logic and Methods of China's United Front Work". Orbis. 64 (2). Foreign Policy Research Institute: 230–248. doi:10.1016/j.orbis.2020.02.006. S2CID 240821080.
  24. ^ Lulu, Jichang (26 November 2019). "Repurposing democracy: The European Parliament China Friendship Cluster". Sinopsis. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  25. ^ a b Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (29 June 2023). "Kilts and qipaos in Britain: Nearly 400 China 'United Front' Groups thrive". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  26. ^ French, Paul (4 February 2012). "China Briefing Part 3: Civil society - The land of the Gongo". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  27. ^ Brady, Anne-Marie (18 October 2018). "Exploit Every Rift: United Front Work Goes Global" (PDF). Center for Advanced China Research. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  28. ^ "Inside China's secret 'magic weapon' for worldwide influence". Financial Times. 26 October 2017. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  29. ^ "Activists call for probe into China's 'consular volunteers' network". Radio Free Asia. 24 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  30. ^ Stoff, Jeffrey (3 August 2020), Hannas, William C.; Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (eds.), "China's Talent Programs", China's Quest for Foreign Technology (1 ed.), Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, pp. 38–54, doi:10.4324/9781003035084-4, ISBN 978-1-003-03508-4, OCLC 1153338764, S2CID 225397660, archived from the original on 3 July 2023, retrieved 22 March 2023
  31. ^ Joske, Alex; Stoff, Jeffrey (3 August 2020), Hannas, William C.; Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (eds.), "The United Front and Technology Transfer", China's Quest for Foreign Technology (1 ed.), Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, pp. 258–274, doi:10.4324/9781003035084-20, ISBN 978-1-003-03508-4, OCLC 1153338764, S2CID 225395399, archived from the original on 22 November 2020, retrieved 26 November 2020
  32. ^ Fedasiuk, Ryan (16 September 2020). "Putting Money in the Party's Mouth: How China Mobilizes Funding for United Front Work". China Brief. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  33. ^ Li-hua, Chung (27 September 2020). "China uses Web stars for infiltration". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  34. ^ Rotella, Sebastian (12 July 2023). "Outlaw Alliance: How China and Chinese Mafias Overseas Protect Each Other's Interests". ProPublica. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  35. ^ Cooper, Sam (8 June 2022). Wilful Blindness: How a network of narcos, tycoons and CCP agents infiltrated the West. Optimum Publishing International. ISBN 978-0-88890-330-3.
  36. ^ Cooper, Sam (30 April 2020). "United Front groups in Canada helped Beijing stockpile coronavirus safety supplies". Global News. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  37. ^ Prasso, Sheridan (17 September 2020). "China's Epic Dash for PPE Left the World Short on Masks: The humanitarian campaign saved lives but has made foreign governments wary of the long reach of the organizer, the Communist Party's United Front". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  38. ^ "Opinions on Strengthening the United Front Work of Private Economy in the New Era". Xinhua. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  39. ^ Areddy, James T. (21 October 2024). "How Beijing Recruited New York Chinatowns for Influence Campaign". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  40. ^ Wong, Kennedy Chi-Pan (6 August 2024). "Sowing Hate, Cultivating Loyalists: Mobilizing Repressive Nationalist Diasporas for Transnational Repression by the People's Republic of China Regime". American Behavioral Scientist. doi:10.1177/00027642241267931. ISSN 0002-7642.
  41. ^ Mahtani, Shibani; Kelly, Meg; Brown, Cate; Cadell, Cate; Nakashima, Ellen; Dehghanpoor, Chris (3 September 2024). "How China extended its repression into an American city". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  42. ^ a b Joske, Alex (2022). "Nestling spies in the united front". Spies and Lies: How China's Greatest Covert Operations Fooled the World. Hardie Grant Books. pp. 24–39. ISBN 978-1-74358-900-7. OCLC 1347020692.
  43. ^ Eckert, Paul (3 November 2024). "What is China's United Front and how does it operate?". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  44. ^ Faligot, Roger (June 2019). Chinese Spies: From Chairman Mao to Xi Jinping. Translated by Lehrer, Natasha. Oxford University Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-78738-096-7. OCLC 1104999295.
  45. ^ Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (26 October 2020). "600 U.S. Groups Linked to China Communist Party Influence Effort". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
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