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From 1565 to 1815, Spanish trading ships, or galleons, crossed the Pacific along a route from Acapulco in New Spain (modern Mexico) to Manila in the Philippines Islands. They made this trip once or twice yearly using a route which was kept secret to protect the Spanish trade monopoly against competing powers.^[1] Some sources speculate that sightings of, or interaction with, Hawaii must have occurred.

“It seems improbable that Spanish mariners could have made several hundred trips … without becoming Hawaii’s first European discoverers.”^[2]

In 1743, British Commodore George Anson captured a Spanish galleon on which he found a chart of the Pacific that depicted a group of islands at the same latitude as the Hawaiʻian islands but with a longitude ten degrees to the east. One of these islands is labeled La Mesa (‘the Table’). This is conjectured to be Hawaii Island since this “agrees very well with the appearance of Mauna Loa ... when seen at a great distance”.^[3]

Many scholars have refuted claims of Spanish knowledge of Hawaii during this period.^[4]^[5]^[6] However, based on accounts from native Hawaiian oral tradition, Oscar Spate leaves open the possibility of one-way contact and that it is “likely that Spanish castaways reached Hawaii and survived”.^[7]

^ Katharine Bjork, "The Link that Kept the Philippines Spanish: Mexican Merchant Interests and the Manila Trade, 1571–1815", Journal of World History 9, no. 1 (1998), 25–50.
^ Kane, Herb Kawainui (1996). "The Manila Galleons". In Bob Dye (ed.). Hawaii Chronicles: Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine. Vol. I. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 25–32. ISBN 978-0-8248-1829-6.
^ Jarves, James Jackson (1872). History of the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu: Henry M. Whitney. p. 47.
^ Stokes, John F.G. (1939). Hawaii's Discovery by Spaniards; Theories Traced and Refuted. Honolulu, HI: Hawaiian Historical Society.
^ By Oliver, Douglas L. (1989). The Pacific Islands. University of Hawaiʻi Press. page 45. ISBN 0-8248-1233-6
^ Coulter, John Wesley (1964). "Great Britain in Hawaii: The Captain Cook Monument". The Geographical Journal. 130 (2): 256–261. Bibcode:1964GeogJ.130..256C. doi:10.2307/1794586. JSTOR 1794586.
^ Spate, Oskar Hermann Khristian (2004). The Spanish lake. The Pacific since Magellan. Canberra: ANU E Press. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-1-920942-17-5.

[1] Katharine Bjork, "The Link that Kept the Philippines Spanish: Mexican Merchant Interests and the Manila Trade, 1571–1815", Journal of World History 9, no. 1 (1998), 25–50.

[Kane-2] Kane, Herb Kawainui (1996). "The Manila Galleons". In Bob Dye (ed.). Hawaii Chronicles: Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine. Vol. I. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 25–32. ISBN 978-0-8248-1829-6.

[3] Jarves, James Jackson (1872). History of the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu: Henry M. Whitney. p. 47.

[4] Stokes, John F.G. (1939). Hawaii's Discovery by Spaniards; Theories Traced and Refuted. Honolulu, HI: Hawaiian Historical Society.

[5] By Oliver, Douglas L. (1989). The Pacific Islands. University of Hawaiʻi Press. page 45. ISBN 0-8248-1233-6

[6] Coulter, John Wesley (1964). "Great Britain in Hawaii: The Captain Cook Monument". The Geographical Journal. 130 (2): 256–261. Bibcode:1964GeogJ.130..256C. doi:10.2307/1794586. JSTOR 1794586.

[7] Spate, Oskar Hermann Khristian (2004). The Spanish lake. The Pacific since Magellan. Canberra: ANU E Press. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-1-920942-17-5.

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